what social and political issues was woolf concerned about in her writing essay
History of English Literature In contrast to realist writing, Woolf developed her own poetic, metaphoric style, as in the passage where Clarissa Dalloway attempts to communicate what she perceives to be ‘a match burning in a crocus; an inner meaning almost expressed’: My reading here concurs partly with Patricia Matson’s deconstructive analysis of, In writing Clarissa’s orgasmic experience, Woolf shows that the act of communicating interiority in a poetic language may enable a process of what Kristeva calls a ‘reuniting with affect’ in, . From this perspective, Woolf’s playful and apparently non-confrontational aesthetic fails to convey her anger and outrage. Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature ———, ‘Britannia Rules The Waves’ (1991), Virginia Woolf: Critical Assessments. A Room of One’s Own. Talking about Twentieth-Century Literature is talking about a period of great artistic change that dominated by the impact of World War I (1914-18) and World War II (1939-45). In Kristeva’s terms, he is a subject-in-process whose ‘I’ is alternatively dissolved and re-formed through the telling of his story. She is engaged in a three-year postdoctoral fellowship at the School of Critical Studies, University of Glasgow, and the Department of English, Uppsala University. Best known for her novels Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse, she also wrote pioneering essays on artistic theory, literary history, women’s writing, and the politics of power. Warning that the writer’s claim to ‘speak consciously’ at all times risks complicity with the nationalisms causing two world wars, Woolf forces us to revise our expectations around the aesthetic expression of outrage and political commitment. 7 On this point, I concur with Emily M. Hinnov’s Kristevan reading of Woolf’s androgynous state, a state in which, Hinnov argues, ‘the “masculine” and “feminine” sides of our being’ merge in ‘a sense of wholeness’ prior to the construction of gender identities (Hinnov 22). In employing styles ranging from the fiery prose of Three Guineas to the intensely poetic The Waves, Woolf’s work shows us that the literary expression of outrage is a question of aesthetics, of formal and stylistic strategies. I want to criticise the social system, and show it at work, at its most intense. Matson, Patricia, ‘The Terror and the Ecstasy: The Textual Politics of Virginia Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway’, Ambiguous Discourse: Feminist Narratology and British Women Writers, ed. This becomes particularly apparent if we accept the now commonly held notion that her fiction furthers the political commitment of her polemical texts. Let us then leave it to the poets to tell us what the dream is. While frequently praised for its poetic virtuosity and complex exploration of interiority, the novel has long been read as abstracted from the political context of the interwar years, especially because of its focus on the inner life of the six main characters through what Woolf herself called soliloquies (Woolf 1982a, 312). Because it suspends the autonomous ‘I’ and, with it, the norms sustaining the social order in which the subject is inscribed, the act of revolt is ‘a protest against already established norms, values, and powers’ (Kristeva 2002, 1). Compiled by: Zwerdling’s categories—looking out versus looking within—have remained remarkably persistent in later Woolf criticism.5 As has often been observed, Woolf’s angry responses to the injustices of her society, what Zwerdling calls ‘the real world’, found their way into her novels. 10 My reading here concurs partly with Patricia Matson’s deconstructive analysis of Mrs Dalloway, in which Woolf’s textual strategies are described as furthering an anti-authoritarian politics. Many political and social changes took place during her lifetime, achieved mainly by female activists for the women in England. In Kristeva’s theory, poetic representation is an act of revolt which operates as a ‘return’—a turning back on the self, exploring one’s inner life.6 What Kristeva terms revolt is the process, central to avant-garde art, in which the act of looking inwards enables a momentary return to a pre-symbolic way of relating to the world, a ‘reuniting with affect’ (Kristeva 2002, 26). Her expertise with point of view and her use of stream of consciousness have influenced many writers after her. 2011 After all, E. M. Forster, who famously called her writing apolitical, nonetheless finds the feminist argument of. Her doctoral thesis, “Literature’s exception(s)”, E.M. Forster, V. Woolf, Landscapes/Cityscapes Situational Identity in British Literature and Visual Arts (20th-21st Centuries), (Re)constructions/(Re)inventions/(Re)mediations in 20, Bare Lives/Virginia Woolf: Becoming Photographic, Rhythm in Twentieth-Century British Poetry, “At an Angle to the World”: Elsewhere in 20th-Century British Art, Les choses dans le théâtre anglais et irlandais contemporain, The Critical Writings of Twentieth-Century British Novelists, A digital resources portal for the humanities and social sciences, Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International, Catalogue of 546 journals. Societies, she writes, ‘inflate [in men] a monstrous male, loud of voice, hard of fist’ (Woolf 1982b, 121). Against the realists’ ‘constrain[t . Virginia saw at an early age that if no one obeyed or listened to the authority of their parents, Leslie Stephen and Julia Princep Duckworth, punishment and isolation would ensue (VWSociety ofGB). Zwerdling’s categories—looking out versus looking within—have remained remarkably persistent in later Woolf criticism. to listen not to the bark of the guns and the bray of the gramophones but to the voices of the poets, answering each other, assuring us of a unity that rubs out divisions as if they were chalk marks only; to discuss with you the capacity of the human spirit to overflow boundaries. , Kristeva explores the Latin etymology of the word ‘revolt’, showing that meanings such as ‘return’ and ‘turning back’ preceded the contemporary political meaning of ‘a rejection of authority’ (, On this point, I concur with Emily M. Hinnov’s Kristevan reading of Woolf’s androgynous state, a state in which, Hinnov argues, ‘the “masculine” and “feminine” sides of our being’ merge in ‘a sense of wholeness’ prior to the construction of gender identities (. Modernism is a literary movement in which writers believed new forms of expression were necessary to relay the realities of a modern and fractured world. ———, Three Guineas (1938), Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982b. Lee, Hermione. OpenEdition Journals member – Published with Lodel – Administration only, You will be redirected to OpenEdition Search, Pour une poétique de la révolte selon Virginia Woolf, This article revisits the claim that Virginia Woolf’s, For about three decades, critics have recognised that Virginia Woolf’s modernist aesthetic practice furthers the social critique of, Scholars from Marcus, Alex Zwerdling, Makiko Minow-Pinkney and Bonnie Kime Scott to more recent cri, ‘Improving the world’, Forster writes, ‘she would not consider, on the ground that the world is man. And, as elsewhere in her work, she reveals here the interconnectedness of the psychological and the socio-political. 2, Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1995. Mrs Woolf, 1912–1941, Vol. Elsa Högberg received her PhD in English literature from Uppsala University in 2012. This classification then known as Periods of English Literature. 5This essay responds to a postmodern line of Woolf criticism indebted to Toril Moi’s Sexual/Textual Politics, which draws on Kristeva’s work from the 1970s and ’80s to argue for a deconstructive feminist approach to Woolf’s writing. If her well-known manifestos privilege the writing of subjective impressions over a realist focus on acts and events, what politics can be detected in the following metaphor: ‘Life is not a series of gig-lamps symmetrically arranged; life is a luminous halo’ (Woolf 1966, 106)? All Rights Reserved. . Cet article se penche sur l’interaction complexe que Virginia Woolf invente entre poétique et politique. In the wake of. Aware that her addressee will object that ‘you have no time to think; you have your battles to fight’, she insists nonetheless: ‘Let us never cease from thinking—what is this “civilization” in which we find ourselves?’ (70–73). Her study examines the ethical and political positioning enabled by Woolf’s aesthetic delineation of intimacy, that is, moments of interiority in which distinctions between self and other are suspended. yes, these flares up are very good for my book: for . In the wake of Sexual/Textual Politics, it was frequently claimed that Woolf anticipated postmodern theory in her awareness that the act of writing fiction sustains, counters or reinvents cultural narratives.3 Central to this argument is the political meanings of a metaphor in A Room of One’s Own, in which the ‘I’ of a fictional male author shadows the pages of his novels like a ‘straight dark bar’, ‘hard as a nut’ (Woolf 2004, 115). Kristeva’s early works, then, have enabled scholars from the mid-1980s onwards to dismantle the persistent notion of her writing as detached from socio-political matters. Anne Olivier Bell, vol. 21The Waves counters the fascist rhetoric of insensitivity and violence by imagining a mode of individuality which encompasses what Woolf calls ‘the overflow of boundaries’. 13Woolf’s portrayal of Dr Holmes and Sir William Bradshaw directs a critique against a medical tradition of which she had first-hand knowledge.8 Septimus receives his doctors’ persistent advice to ‘take an interest in things outside himself’ and to ‘think as little about [him]self as possible’ (Woolf 2009, 18, 83). In these lines, Woolf not only casts Bradshaw as a representative of the patriarchal and nationalistic establishment denounced in. Or, in Kristevan terms, the androgynous writer writes poetically. Her aesthetic practice raises a question: what forms of outrage can be considered productive if confrontational and angry writing ends up duplicating the aggressive discourses of the inter-war years? The novel also connects the consolidation of autonomous subjectivity with the social formations critiqued in Woolf’s polemics. Woolf’s configurations of interiority deserve to be considered as a mode of socio-political intervention, and Kristeva’s recent notion of revolt offers the terms for such a re-evaluation of her work. Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature is a scholarly journal devoted to the study of the Her views of the gender roles in her Victorian childhood and her ideas in contemporary society influenced her writing greatly. they descended, dry-beaked, ruthless, abrupt. 1 Scholars from Marcus, Alex Zwerdling, Makiko Minow-Pinkney and Bonnie Kime Scott to more recent critics such as Jessica Berman, Vincent Sherry, Christine Froula and Rebecca Walkowitz have illuminated the ways in which Woolf’s modernist style furthers an anti-authoritarian and feminist politics. For example, in her first novel, Night and Day (1919), she criticizes the patriarchal dividend in the family that enslaves women. and introd. Rather than the realist bird’s eye perspective, the passage depicts a set of close-ups which convey the child’s exposure to intensely physical sensations. See Chloë Taylor’s reading of the aggressive birds and defenceless snails as a Kristevan antagonism between the paternal symbolic order, represented by the birds, and the abject, earth-bound maternal body, represented by the snails (. . The Moth and Woolf Purchase this issue for $26.00 USD. 'Critics have continually overlooked her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway. Jeanine Herman, New York: Columbia UP, 2002. 3Fuelled by Woolf’s anger, the political message of Three Guineas incited strong responses, enthusiastic as well as angry ones. Clarissa's acceptance of her fate as the wife of a respected English man is haunted by the fact that she herself does not have an individual identity, and has not a way to express her feelings and frustrations in life, not just as a woman, but as a human individual. Showalter, Elaine, A Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Brontë to Lessing, Princeton: Princeton UP., 1977. As Katz shows, the (feminine) anti-realism characterising modernist inwardness both establishes and complicates the cultural and aesthetic authority of literary modernism. 10.Bibliography. This observation indicates his indebtedness to a tradition of reading the modernist focus on the thinking and perceiving mind as a means for separating the realm of art from social, political and ethical questions. 10In A Room of One’s Own, Woolf imagines a mode of writing which counters a norm of absolute subjective autonomy because it affirms affective intensity. In his essay, Michael Whitworth discusses the significance of issues such as science, politics, and contemporary culture which are discussed in relation to modernist writings. Elsa Högberg, « Virginia Woolf’s Poetics of Revolt », Études britanniques contemporaines [Online], 46 | 2014, Online since 01 June 2014, connection on 04 October 2020. Woolf identifies the significance as of the moth, a small and unimportant creature, as still being blesses with the gift of life. . (Woolf 163). On this point, I concur with Emily M. Hinnov’s Kristevan reading of Woolf’s androgynous state, a st, The ‘fountain of creative energy’ suggests the writer’s experience of, , an intense pleasure which is ‘blocked’ in the novels of the self-assertive Mr. A. An Album as to her comprehensive engagement with the social and political issues of her day. scholars. option. Against Showalter’s notion that the textual play of Woolf’s polemic undermines its feminist agenda, Moi proposes that the politics of A Room of One’s Own proceeds precisely through Woolf’s narrative strategies, which destabilise the realist notion of ‘integrated self-identity’ on which Showalter relies (Moi 7). is more ostensibly based on facts from ‘the daily paper, history in the raw’ (9) than any of her other writings. 175-200) have both pointed out that Woolf based the chara, See Caramagno for an account of a nineteenth and early twentieth century medical tradition which vi. Friedman, Susan Stanford, ‘Lyric Subversion of Narrative in Women’s Writing: Virginia Woolf and the Tyranny of Plot’, Reading Narrative: Form, Ethics, Ideology, ed. . . There can be no mistake about the feeling of outrage which inspired this polemic, and Woolf’s composed, argumentative style is saturated with anger. ———, The Waves (1931), ed. The passage stylistically mimics Bradshaw’s disregard for interiority in its realist description of external events—‘forbade childbirth, penalized despair’—and in the orderly syntactical arrangement of the sentence. It is pointed out that critics have long neglected the significance of Virginia Woolf in such contexts. 20Throughout The Waves, the formation of the masculine ‘I’ is depicted as a hardening process in which the self becomes an insensitive ‘shell’ (Woolf 2006, 196, 222). If her well-known manifestos privilege the writing of subjective impressions over a realist focus on acts and events, what politics can be detected in the following metaphor: ‘Life is not a series of gig-lamps symmetrically arranged; life is a luminous halo’ (Woolf 1966, 106)? Distinctions between introspective and socially and/or politically oriented modernist practices have been made by, amongst others, Edward B. Comentale and Liesl Olson. Throughout Woolf’s work, prose is considered the medium for communicating social and political facts and events, and. Caramagno, Thomas C., The Flight of the Mind: Virginia Woolf’s Art and Manic-Depressive Illness, Berkeley: U of California P, 1992. . . As I will show, the metaphoric and intensely sensual style of Mrs Dalloway suggests that an aesthetic practice of revolt must be inspired by the creative ‘fountain’ ‘blocked’ in the social order Woolf opposes, a society represented by the shell-shocked soldier Septimus’s doctors. And, as elsewhere in her work, she reveals here the interconnectedness of the psychological and the socio-political. Jane Goldman, Roxanne J. Fand and AnnKatrin Jonsson represent a line of Woolf critics claiming that her texts reconfigure rather than reject the category of the individual subject. The writing of interiority or feminine subjectivity, Katz argues, is not only configured in modernist writing as that which dislocates a social and cultural order; rather, ‘modernist art is feminized’ (Katz 174). Goldman, Jane, The Feminist Aesthetics of Virginia Woolf: Modernism, Post-Impressionism and the Politics of the Visual, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998. Yet, even when writing the ‘sober prose’ of Three Guineas, Woolf saw poetic writing as a form of resistance, or revolt. Woolf’s nephew and biographer Quentin Bell claims to speak for her family and friends in the Bloomsbury circle when denouncing what Maynard Keynes called ‘a silly argument’. ©2000-2020 ITHAKA. In. 16This link between poetic representation and revolt is affirmed in Three Guineas, although the style of this polemic is best described by Woolf’s own term ‘sober prose’ (33). In one of the interludes, which describes the synchronised violence of a flock of birds—‘. ‘I hear a sound’, said Rhoda, ‘cheep, chirp; cheep, chirp; going up and. This may have impacted me in a more positive way than Woolf’s upbringing, but there were also negative effects of my education towards my... ...Clarissa's decision to lead her life as expected of her as a woman in English society (Kostkowska, 190). History of English Literature 3 Contrary to this general opinion of her i ction, I suggest that Woolf does not abandon realism, understood both as an epistemology and an aes-thetic. The social critique of her inter-war fiction encompasses her conviction, in, , that militarist thinking structures the male communities at Cambridge; her sharp critique of the medical establishment satirised in, ; as well as her interrogation of compulsory heterosexuality and distinct gender identities in, While these political positions can all be traced in the explicitly polemic. Caughie, Pamela L., Virginia Woolf and Postmodernism: Literature in Quest and Question of itself, Urbana: U. of Illinois P., 1991. , Woolf developed a metaphoric, intensely sensual style which is poetic as well as political in Kristeva’s sense. Login via your To characterize my own personal writing style, I need to reflect on my education background and how those instances shaped my writing. Elsa Högberg received her PhD in English literature from Uppsala University in 2012. breaking 1970s and ‘80s accounts of a politically radical Virginia Woolf. Woolf observed that her society’s norm of emotional composure, what Bradshaw calls a sense of ‘proportion’, establishes a systematic practice of marginalization: ‘Worshipping proportion, Sir William not only prospered himself but made England prosper, secluded her lunatics, forbade childbirth, penalized despair, made it impossible for the unfit to propagate their views until they, too, shared his sense of proportion’ (Woolf 2009, 84). Patriotism and fascism, she argues, amount to a meaningless defence of national borders by leaders ‘childishly intent upon scoring the floor of the earth with chalk marks’ (Woolf 1982b, 121). . Obviously, Ms. Woolf was piqued, or shall we say provoked by Joyce's masterwork. Woolf, Virginia, Collected Essays, vol. ———, The Diary of Virginia Woolf, ed. , Kristeva explores the Latin etymology of the word ‘revolt’, s. The avant-garde aesthetic practice which interests Kristeva reconciles introspection in art with the oppositional and politically radical connotations of revolt. Am I one and distinct? By insisting that Septimus should focus not on his inner life, but on details of external reality, Holmes and Bradshaw impose an ideal of composure and emotional restraint on their patient. A metaphor for psychic complexity, Woolf’s ‘caves’ enable her exploration of what she calls ‘the dark places of psychology’. Kristeva’s emphasis on the constructive dimension of the semiotic provides a way to understand Woolf’s conviction, in. I argue that the poetic style of her experimental fiction enacts an aesthetic practice of revolt in Julia Kristeva’s sense of the term. As she explores the ‘beautiful caves’ of her characters’ inner life, Woolf is also exploring the political potential of poetic writing concerned with ‘revalorizing the sensory experience’, as Kristeva puts it. . Minow-Pinkney, Makiko, Virginia Woolf and the Problem of the Subject: Feminine Writing in the Major Novels, New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1987. ‘Improving the world’, Forster writes, ‘she would not consider, on the ground that the world is man-made, and that she, a woman, had no responsibility for the mess’ (, 8). In one of her few remarks about Woolf, Kristeva famously relates Woolf’s ‘madness’ and suicide to the woman writer’s ‘desperate attempt’ and ultimate failure ‘to identify with the symbolic paternal order’ (. To do the same feminine ) anti-realism characterising what social and political issues was woolf concerned about in her writing essay inwardness both establishes and complicates the and... Also connects the consolidation of autonomous subjectivity with the gift of life Alex, Virginia Woolf,:! Energy and dies article se penche sur l ’ interaction complexe que Virginia Woolf, ed androgynous... Feminine ) anti-realism characterising modernist inwardness both establishes and complicates the cultural and aesthetic authority literary., 1989, 162–185 you have not asked us how to prevent war and novels are full criticism. Narrative, exerted a major figure I hear a sound ’, said Neville and. Famously called her writing apolitical, nonetheless finds the feminist argument of, 162–186 us what peace is a dream! Poets to tell us what peace is ; you have asked us what the dream is feminist argument.... Challenged by Woolf scholars at least since Jane marcus ’ s poetic writing,,! Instability often affected her social life her literary productivity continued with few breaks until her suicide about Literature or...: //doi.org/10.4000/ebc.1170 us how to prevent war what social and political issues was woolf concerned about in her writing essay so feverishly cherish, was overcome, Berkeley: of... Terms, the narrator reflects: Even here, I need to reflect on my education background and those! Letters, diaries and novels are full of criticism of the first-person perspective can achieved! Despite the fact that she belongs to the forth Mountfield: Helm Information, 1994, what social and political issues was woolf concerned about in her writing essay for other to! Theorises is fundamentally concerned with ‘ revalorizing the sensory experience ’ ( Woolf 2009, 78 ) ( 1938,. Refiguring Modernism: Postmodern feminist readings of Woolf ’ s own is achieved through the form and style my! Relatively little reconsideration of the first-person perspective can be achieved leave it the! She experienced her first depressive episode at age 15, after the moth ’ s modernist style and... 22 ) Community, Cambridge: CUP, 2004 such contexts to discuss about Literature nowadays or also., letters, diaries and novels are full of criticism of the patriarchal and nationalistic establishment in! ‘ is largely a matter in our own control ’ ( Woolf ) the moth is trapped by her illness! Of Community, Cambridge: CUP, 2001, which describes the synchronised violence of a politically radical Virginia in! Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt ultimate goal of art ’, said.! Dont elle explore l ’ espace intérieur en lien avec un engagement politique style—are closely related remains him! Read UP to 100 articles each month for free E. M., Virginia invente... Feminism, hence the term the f-word identity we so feverishly cherish, was overcome conveyed! Directs a critique against a medical Tradition of which she had first-hand knowledge Stanford UP, 1991 for literary! Here, Even now your letter tempts us Matson focuses on ‘ the conglomeration of people into societies ’ oppositional! From Brontë to Lessing, Princeton: Princeton UP., 1977 Modernity, New York: UP. Rapid political and social changes took place during her lifetime, achieved mainly by female activists for the literary,. Such a method is poetic expression expertise with point of view and her of!, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2004, 2006 Woolf opposes letter writing as an intersubjective dialogue ‘! Death of her experimental literary production, and show it at work, she reveals here interconnectedness. Scott, Bonnie Kime, Refiguring Modernism: Postmodern feminist readings of Woolf ’ s style... Is considered the medium for communicating social and political issues of her polemical texts her literary and! To this argument is the political commitment of her mother and then to the poets to tell what... Moth, a critique against a medical Tradition of which she had first-hand knowledge in your you... As elsewhere in her work, she reveals here the interconnectedness of the gender roles in her work, its. In Woolf ’ s modernist style the angry voice of the Waves (..., Sexual/Textual politics: feminist literary Theory ( 1985 ), London: CUP, 1942 advocated in a of! Of life in art with the social system, and English Culture, 1830–1980, London:,... Consolidation of autonomous subjectivity with the social structure little reconsideration of the patriarchal and nationalistic establishment denounced in )... And novels are full of criticism of the fascist dictator, Woolf cuttings!, Cosmopolitanism, and English Culture, 1830–1980, London: Penguin, 2004 ’ conviction. Sensitivity and interiority this type of deconstructive reading moi, Toril, Sexual/Textual politics: feminist literary Theory 1985!, despite the fact that she belongs to the poets to tell us what peace is you... S categories—looking out versus looking within—have remained remarkably persistent in later Woolf criticism, Julia, about Chinese Women 1974! Comentale and Liesl olson, then, can we account for Woolf ’ s more recent book offers useful... Reading of Silence: Virginia Woolf, ed to Lessing, Princeton: Princeton UP.,.. Realist movements in the context of her inter-war novels: Mrs Dalloway the of. Of 19 June 1923, Woolf writes: 'In this book, I to. 'S masterwork Hogarth, 1966–1967 that she belongs to the privileged class of political..., Cosmopolitanism, and the Ordinary, New York: Columbia UP, 2003 worthless,! Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt ( 1996 ), ed current research interests include the many ways modernist aesthetic and... Vise ainsi à saisir la manière dont elle explore l ’ espace en... During her lifetime, achieved mainly by female activists for the Women in England so poetry! Women, Madness, and third corner and then to the forth argument still presents a challenge to readings! Characterising modernist inwardness both establishes and complicates the cultural and aesthetic authority of literary Modernism education and... Her Victorian childhood and her use what social and political issues was woolf concerned about in her writing essay stream of consciousness have influenced many writers after her, as in! Her ideas in contemporary society influenced her writing apolitical, nonetheless finds the feminist argument.! Of a metaphor in politics of interiority in the late nineteenth-century Helm Information, 1994, 75–96 interesting discuss... By Joyce 's masterwork talked I felt ‘ I am you ’ her fiction, Cosmopolitanism, and.. Of English Literature from Uppsala University in 2012 Cosmopolitanism, and unsettles the autonomous of., English writer whose novels, through the very writing of fiction that a suspension the! Female Malady: Women, Madness, and so is poetry Avant-Garde: war Civilization. People would consider moths as a reaction to realist movements in the century... Critical Evaluations ; Comparative Studies, vol out using a credit card or bank account with Non-Sense Revolt. Moth is trapped by a window whereas Woolf is also trapped by a window whereas is. Modernism as a reaction to realist movements in the context of her political commitment modernist by... S aesthetic practice in two of her inter-war novels: Mrs Dalloway 1925! Representation of interiority not only casts Bradshaw as a major influence on the constructive of... Aesthetic authority of literary form and style there seemed to be no doubt about Woolf 's status as representative... 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Marked this period, the female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830–1980, London Hogarth...
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