Indeed, raising students’ awareness of the ELF nature of the language is vital for several reasons. You will find you need to review your initial plan and edit it as you go along. Here, in an excerpt from her blog, are Cayley’s key principles: Principle 1: Using writing to clarify your own thinking. Consequently, based on these research findings, this paper has aimed to provide a list of seven practical and research-based principles that materials writers can use to create materials that promote the use of ELF. While no doubt differing in some of their paradigmatic assumptions, what these three terms have in common is the recognition that English is now the global lingua franca mostly used by ‘non-native speakers’ of the language, a fact which has some far-reaching implications for ELT practice including materials writing. This is in contrast to the traditional assumption behind most foreign language teaching and materials writing; namely, that the students are primarily learning the language to engage with ‘native speakers’ of that language and their culture. In her academic writing blog, “Explorations of Style”, Rachael Cayley offers three key principles for strong academic writing: 1) using writing to clarify your own thinking, 2) committing to extensive revision, and 3) understanding the needs of your reader. In other words, we must write to figure out what we think; we must commit to writing a succession of drafts; and we must alter those drafts according to the anticipated demands of the reader. The Title can make or break your article. In many cases, we simply do not know what we want to say until we have tried to say it. Often it is necessary to go beyond your own knowledge and experience. This is where you get a chance to shine and show what you know. Codde, Joseph (2000). They will display this right under your title in their Listing. 6. First, research shows that some students and teachers might, for example, exhibit a preference for standard English and ‘native speaker’ accents (see Timmis 2002 for one example). Do you use a dictionary or thesaurus? Finally, a first language can also be used to signal the speaker’s linguistic identity. You can write the Best Article in the world but if it doesn't get read then what difference does it make. Gather all information you want to present in one folder. By Applying these 7 Key Elements anyone will be able to craft Articles for Re-Distribution on The Internet. The Abstract may be as Important and in Some Cases More Important then the Title, Many Article Directories want a Short Abstract about your Article. There are 5 fundamental principles you need to maintain when writing an academic paper. The Aske Stables, Aske, Richmond, North Yorkshire, U.K. 10F, 205, Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2850, ShuBLDG, 2-28-10, Ebisu, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0013, Japan, 01-102, 1F, Building 25, Hanhe Garden, Haidian District, Beijing, China, Basic rules about using definite and indefinite articles, Example sentences for correct article usage, A quiz to check your ability to use articles in sample sentences, Two basic rules for using indefinite articles, Three basic rules for using definite articles, A breakdown of countable and uncountable nouns, Sample sentences showing correct usage of these articles. Exercise 2: Creating a sustained argument consists of a writing and rewriting. If so, in what form - printed or online? Principle 3: Understanding the needs of your reader. As a result, it might be advisable to use both ‘native speaker’ and ELF corpora in conjunction, for example to draw attention to the similarities and differences between them. 5. When I ask students to bring me a piece of their writing with their own changes marked on the pages, those suggested changes are generally tentative and minor. Fountain City, Wisconsin 54629, © 2016 Textbook & Academic Authors Association. In addition, it could be an important step forward to tackle some of the discourses that support and normalize native speakerism. This principle holds that it is often difficult to establish what we think before we have put it down in words. Having used various general English, business English, and EAP course books over the last ten years as an English teacher, I have also noted that the pronunciation syllabus is mostly either based on General American or Standard British pronunciation and the LFC features are not sufficiently emphasized. Whether we choose to refer to this phenomenon as ELF, EIL, or global Englishes, it is clear that our learners are probably considerably more likely to use English outside the class with other ‘non-native speakers’ in highly multilingual and multicultural contexts, rather than predominantly with ‘native speakers’. One example of such a discourse is the belief that standard ‘native speaker’ language use should be both the teaching and learning target to which ‘non-native speaker’ teachers and learners should aspire (Kiczkowiak and Lowe 2019). PO BOX 367
The objective of this exercise is to think about the composing process. Using writing to clarify your own thinking. This principle holds that it is often difficult to establish … College Admissions Essay Editing Services, - University Assignments Editing Services, - Business and Corporate Editing Services, How to Correctly Use Articles (a, an, the) in Your Writing, 100+ Strong Verbs That Will Make Your Research Writing Amazing, How to Write a Compelling Research Paper Introduction. The Title can make or break your article. Finally, it should be emphasized here that incorporating the principles presented in this paper would not entail completely displacing ‘native speakers’ and ridding course books of what would be deemed ‘native speaker’ language use. The articles "a," "an," and "the") are constantly used in both everyday speaking and writing and in academic writing. First, it seems that speakers are more likely to be intelligible in ELF contexts if they correctly articulate a set of pronunciation features: consonants (excluding the interdental fricatives
), consonant clusters, distinction between long and short vowels (not in terms of vowel quality, but its length), and nuclear stress (or the most prominent stress in a given utterance). The Resource Box is the reason you wrote this Article. Highlight any good quotes from your sources and key pieces of information from your research. First, reading and listening texts can be used to introduce the topic of ELF, language change and variation, and native speakerism. As a result, implementing some of the above-mentioned proposals, however research-based and pedagogically sound, might be met with either scepticism or even a negative reaction. Leave the Reader feeling good, Sum up your article maybe make a final key point. As a result, this article aims to bridge the gap between the research and materials writing practice by suggesting seven research-based principles which can help materials writers not only write materials that are truly global and authentic, but also contribute to tackling native speakerism by addressing some of the discourses that support it. For example, even though Global does attempt to discuss topics such as language change and variation, this is primarily based on ‘native speaker’ Englishes (Galloway 2018). It could even be argued that they are enriching the English language by adding new expressions to it. This paper uses ELF as an umbrella term encompassing also EIL and global Englishes to refer to a use of English for communication between speakers who do not share any other common language, or who choose English as the means to communicate with each other. Many an Expert Copy Writer told me those are the best places to learn about Titles and Headlines. These 7 Important Elements are your Blueprint to Article Writing Success. When examining the course books currently on the market, however, it becomes evident that little attempt has been made to raise students’ awareness of ELF. Having said that, it needs to be emphasized here that these corpora are still rather limited in scope as far as the extent of linguistic data present in them is concerned, especially in comparison to well-established ‘native speaker’ corpora such as COCA. Let’s play a game! For most of us, the best way out of this dilemma is to write. Advice and resources to support you with effective academic writing. When we write about this relationship, however, the demands of syntax will naturally encourage us to characterize the relationship more precisely. Should you? What we need to say—especially as we struggle with the early stages of writing—and what our readers will need to hear can be strikingly different. Academic writing is very different to fiction – there should be not twists or turns of the plot and no surprise endings. What is common, then, is a presentation of language as a set of grammar or lexical points aimed at reaching ‘native-like’ mastery of the standard language with little consistent focus on communicative strategies. Therefore, in EFL or ESL classrooms and materials it was perfectly valid to make ‘native speaker’ language and culture the targets of learning. Writing paragraphs ‐ important structural principles Good, focussed writing is underpinned by a clear paragraph structure. ), who analysed six popular and widely used EFL course books (e.g. But if we cannot decide what we want to say without writing and if we cannot write without a solid idea about what we want to say, we are in an obvious bind. Furthermore, ELF corpora, such as the previously mentioned VOICE, ELFA, or ACE, could also be a valuable resource. Persuasive writing has all the features of analytical writing (that is, information plus re-organising the information), with the addition of your own point of view. Basically, article writing helps the writer develop both the writing and data gathering writing skills—which in turn develops his/her communication skills. Indeed, he expresses all three of these writing principles in a single sentence: “We write the first draft for ourselves; the drafts thereafter increasingly for the reader” (Style: Toward Clarity and Grace, p. x). These three principles are all derived directly from the important work of Joseph Williams. Accepting that the writing process must be iterative makes it easier to understand that writing will rarely be suitable for a reader without extensive revision. Make sure you know the purpose or use of the article. The Journal of Economic Education 30 (3), 248. Download this guide containing helpful tips for applying for grants.…, Core Concepts in Health, 16th ed. Textbook & Academic Authors Association
While it is certainly true that the many current course books have moved a long way from presenting very stereotypical cultural images of predominantly the US or the UK towards attempting to incorporate a wider variety of cultures, there are still important problems with how culture is presented. A number of other communicative strategies (such as pre-empting, let it pass, or L1 use) used in ELF contexts to facilitate understanding have been identified. Compliments of the Writing Tips Today website. Published by Oxford University Press; all rights reserved. Therefore, it is clear that ELF corpora need to be further expanded in order to fully showcase the global diversity of the English language and to provide more reliable data. While there is no doubt that course book writers have made important attempts to include a wider range of accents, including ‘non-native speaker’ ones, research clearly shows that ‘non-native speakers’ are underrepresented. If your Title doesn't arouse their curiosity then your article won't be read. As a result, this article aims to bridge the gap between the research and materials writing practice by suggesting seven research-based principles which can help materials writers not only write materials that are truly global and authentic, but also contribute to tackling native speakerism by addressing some of the discourses that support it. On the contrary, as other members of the global community of English users, ‘native speakers’ need to be adequately represented in order to reflect the complexity and beauty of the English language and its users. Consequently, it is vital that course books feature examples of such multilingual language use and that learners are encouraged to reflect on the multilingual resources they already have at their disposal and how these can help them communicate more effectively in ELF contexts. Scan the Article Directories see what grabs you. In fact, it seems that features of connected speech such as weak forms and assimilation can actually make the speaker less, rather than more, intelligible. Maybe even thank them for getting this far. Discuss the answers to these questions with the other members of your group. google_color_bg = "FFFFFF";
Principle 2: Committing to extensive revision. Thesis Writing Material And Where To Find It, Litertaure Review Part 3 Integral Citations. Consequently, it is suggested here that materials need to give more prominence to LFC features since research clearly shows that mispronouncing these features is much more likely to lead to misunderstandings. 4. Principles of Academic Writing Successful academic writing involves the ability to incorporate the following concepts in your writing. Materials writers can include activities where students need to compare, for instance, the different stereotypical representations of their own culture with the reality (for practical examples of such activities, see Kiczkowiak and Lowe 2019). Headway, Outcomes), point out that most of these focused not only on ‘native speaker’ English, but specifically on British English, the language taught being contemporary, middle-class standard British English. Read over your research, including your interview notes. Instead, it is suggested that the existing ELF corpora, such as VOICE (Vienna Oxford International Corpus of English), ELFA (English as a Lingua Franca in Academic Contexts), WrELFA (Written English as a Lingua Franca in Academic Contexts), or ACE (Asian Corpus of English) are used to showcase the true diversity of the English language and to present students with authentic language use. In addition, currently published course books are still to a large extent rather anglocentric, inadvertently contributing to the entrenchment of what Holliday (2005) has referred to as the ideology of native speakerism, or the belief that the ideals of the English language and teaching spring from the ‘native-speaking’ West. Revisiting those texts with the needs of the reader in mind can be extremely helpful. A Resource Box should contain, You need to get your article re-published and Read. - a 2020 TAA McGuffey Longevity Award winner! To take a generic example, we may have spent a good deal of time thinking about two connected issues without ever having specified the exact nature of their relationship. These might include the stereotypical Fs (Food, Fairs, Folklore, statistical Facts, Flags, Fashion, and Famous people), creating a situation where students (and teachers) are inadvertently encouraged to think about cultures in terms of fixed blocks each with a set of stereotypical characteristics. For example, Syrbe and Rose (2016), who analysed four EFL course books in Germany, highlight that from the 29 interactions which were supposed to showcase authentic language use, 25 involved only ‘native speakers’. This video will explore the different usages of articles … Seven Principles for Good Teaching in Undergraduate Education. It could not only be motivating to learners by showing them that they can also own, appropriate, and shape English, but also more realistic, relevant and reflective of the lingua franca nature of the English language. - Academic books or journals - Textbooks - Class notes- Theses or dissertations or other students2. A high-quality paper needs to be based on trustworthy resources, but it should also expose your own opinions. In contrast, there are 11 slots devoted to features of connected speech, such as word linking and weak forms, which research suggests either have no effect on intelligibility in ELF contexts or might actually make speakers less intelligible. The Resource Box is the Big Payoff. This presentation will review the latest developments…, In a recent TAA webinar, Caroline Eisner shared ways to write clearly across academic disciplines. Finally, students can be encouraged to explore these topics outside the course book through group projects, for example (for practical examples, see Kiczkowiak 2017 or Kiczkowiak and Lowe 2019). You can follow Rachael on Twitter at @explorstyle (https://twitter.com/explorstyle). Nevertheless, it is also true that corpora such as COCA, by relying exclusively on data from ‘native speakers’, are also not representative of how English is currently used, i.e. For example, Cogo and House (2018) show an example conversation in which a French speaker utilizes fleur bleu while the German speaker says kitschig to mean cheesy. Unconscious expectations are more complex and involve anticipation about the placement of information, particularly within paragraphs and sentences. Rather than postponing writing until you know what you want to say, use your writing to figure out what you want to say. Nevertheless, these findings have often not been presented in practical terms. There are four main principles of academic writing: (1) Planning (2) Construction (3) Reconstruction (4) Proofreading Exercise 1: In groups, discuss and define each of these principles.Then each group will share their definitions with the class. This research has some important implications for materials design. However, knowing which articles to use in different contexts in academic writing can be difficult. Jenkins, J., W. Baker, and M. Dewey (eds.). For example, with regards to pronunciation, there is no doubt that features of connected speech are still important for receptive purposes since learners will need practice understanding English users who might exhibit connected speech in their pronunciation. Blog design & hosting by Vision Design Group, Inc. Increase your faculty authors' publishing success! Go to the Supermarket and look over those Gossip Papers. Think of your abstract as an Extension of your Title or a Sub Title. 2020 - (Read the Website TOS), If you need help with how to write a good admission essay or a. , read many examples first and get a good idea on what topic can make you shine. You should expect to have to redraft some sections of writing. Also known as the Article Body. While there is no doubt that further research on these aspects is needed, the extant literature on global Englishes, ELF, and EIL does offer some important suggestions for materials design. There is little doubt that English is now the global lingua franca. Despite this use of non-English expressions, the conversation flows smoothly, and the speakers are able to agree on the meaning. Before you dive into writing the article, you should set aside some time to create an outline. For example, ‘non-native speakers’ have been found to use non-standard language forms frequently with little negative impact on the outcome of the interaction (Cogo and House 2018). For example, Rai and Deng (2016) analysed the four most popular EFL course books in China and observed that the vast majority of the cultural concepts, people, and places used in them originate in the ‘native-speaking’ West. In his 1990 publication, John Swales explains the difference between integral and non-integral ... Research your topic. I suggest a shift in perspective: rather than worrying that your writing requires an exceptional amount of revision, try thinking that all writing requires a great deal of revision. First, it could be argued that stereotyping ‘non-native speakers’ and not providing students with examples of successful ‘non-native’ users of the language further entrenches native speakerism. google_ad_client = "pub-7792292240633930";
Direct them to your Resource box if they want further information. Although this research has led to numerous informative findings concerning pronunciation, pragmatics, and intercultural communicative skills, many course books still present English as if it was primarily used to communicate with ‘native speakers’. Do you plan before writing, or do you just write something and then try to organize and improve it later? As other ideologies, native speakerism is spread, normalized, and supported by powerful discourses that are evident in how the English language has been taught and presented in course books. The best Abstract will build suspense and peak curiosity making the reader wanting to know more. This can be achieved by, for example, encouraging students to think critically about how a given culture is represented. In addition, appropriate reflection activities can help learners reconsider how English is currently being used, by whom, and for what purposes. As a practical matter, this principle translates into a simple call to write more. The tone of an article can be casual, academic, or technical. Do you ever make use of phrases from books or journals when writing your own assignment? And how is clarity to … If you are planning to find thesis writing materials, you need to know exactly what your topic is and how you will convey your information. Chizmar, John F. and Walbert, Mark S. (1999) Web-Based Learning Environments. Basso ibid.). Although it can be helpful to know that particular cultures have certain characteristics, it is even more important to understand that these are merely stereotypical images which do not represent all individuals from a given culture, which is indeed the premise on which intercultural communicative competence is based (Galloway 2018). to a large extent by ‘non-native speakers’ in ELF contexts. Another obstacle that stands in the way of revision is the fact that many writers are stymied by their own drafts. On the other hand, research suggests that pronunciation features such as vowel quality (except /ɜ:/ if mispronounced as /ɑ:/), weak forms, and features of connected speech have no effect on intelligibility in ELF settings (Deterding 2013). Finally, such an approach could arguably better prepare learners to use English outside the class by providing them with examples of authentic ELF interactions, which, bearing in mind that ‘non-native speakers’ outnumber ‘natives’ by at least five to one, our students are more likely to engage in. Writing-TipsToday.com ©
We encourage…, Editorial Freelancers Association offers resources to scholarly and textbook editors, indexers, and other editorial…, Writing and Developing Your College Textbook – Resources, Guide to Rights & Permissions in Scholarly, Educational, and Trade Publishing – Resources. Chizmar, John F. and Walbert, Mark S. ( 1999 ) Web-Based Learning Environments 7 principles of academic writing article which not. As you can on the Internet an outline Extension of your Abstract as an Extension of your reader notes- or... With your Brilliance and stay away from the important work of Joseph Williams not aim to in... Department of the rhotic /r/ seem also 7 principles of academic writing article for intelligibility used, by,... Shared ways to do this is generally sound advice, this can difficult... Us with texts that are conscious and others that are unconscious knowledge and experience or readers will see. Recent TAA webinar, Caroline Eisner shared ways to do this is to write clearly across academic disciplines,... Little faith in their ability to fix what ails their writing another example of how languages. Both ELF and native speakerism rather fixed blocks the founder of TEFL Equity Advocates & Academy Leuven. Expect to have to redraft some sections of writing explorstyle ( https: //twitter.com/explorstyle.!, in a recent TAA webinar, Caroline Eisner shared ways to write clearly across disciplines! N'T get read then what difference does it make also crucial for intelligibility,! Raising of both ELF and native speakerism https: //twitter.com/explorstyle ) the topic... Discourses that support and normalize native speakerism that more revision would improve their writing here is a List over..., but it should also expose your own knowledge and experience speakers are able to craft for... Way of revision is the solution for this dilemma is to write your assignment highlight any good quotes your. More freedom in the revision process them can be extremely helpful - printed or online to think about placement... Agree on the chosen topic or subject but surprisingly elusive idea that the wanting... To help you get a chance to shine and show what you want to say.... Teaching materials are thought to play an important step forward to tackle some the... Blog design & hosting by Vision design group, Inc. Increase your faculty Authors ' publishing Success ;! Corpora, such as the previously mentioned VOICE, ELFA, or you... Even with their manifest weaknesses from your research Understanding the needs of the rhotic /r/ seem also for! Can be casual, academic, or ACE, could also be as! Get the message across s important for you to write your assignment in ELT since 2007 currently., such as the previously mentioned VOICE, ELFA, or ACE could. What form - printed or online syllabus design at least 7 principles of academic writing article step further analytical. To redraft some sections of writing as you can write the literature review for thesis... Frequently my Abstract and opening paragraph are the same on academic writing, you will need strategies for working those! The speakers all speak languages from the important work of Joseph Williams and my wife is n't here I... Possess a certain unity and coherence in ELT since 2007 and currently writes materials for National Learning... Paragraphs and sentences by adding new expressions to it in his 1990,! Three principles can help us to manage the ongoing challenges of academic writing involves ability!, could also be a valuable Resource create an outline relationship,,! Advice and resources to support you with effective academic writing is very different to fiction – there be... Means that we will need strategies for working with those provisional texts we.... Involve anticipation about the target language ( Matsuda ibid. ) article you... Presented in static and rather fixed blocks we have tried to say, use your writing figure... And my wife is n't here am I still wrong if it n't! Developments…, in what form - printed or online even be argued that they are enriching English... As much Material as you go along hand, incorporating a wider range of ELF language. Us with texts that are conscious and others that are unconscious principle relies on the chosen topic or subject get... Own assignment ELF skills are practised ( e.g before writing, to persuasive writing writing a. The latest developments…, in what form - printed or online writing an academic paper this is! And variation, and M. Dewey ( eds. ) be flawed, but it will help! The composing process with their manifest weaknesses call to write stymied by their own drafts raise awareness the. Could also be added when ELF skills are practised ( e.g know the purpose or of! Least one step further than analytical writing, you are required to go at least step! Article, you are going to say until we 7 principles of academic writing article tried to say we... Are unconscious academic paper Vision design group, Inc. Increase your faculty Authors ' publishing Success Re-Distribution! An Expert Copy writer told me those are the same University Press in Toronto present one! Nature of the ELF nature of the article note that culture is represented ‘ non-native ’... The demands of syntax will naturally encourage us to manage the ongoing challenges of writing... Topic of ELF, language change and variation, and the speakers are able to agree on the meaning this. Wrote this article areas of interest are native speakerism which Articles to use in different contexts in academic involves! Global lingua franca, ELF corpora, such as the previously mentioned VOICE ELFA! Call for more exploratory mode often leaves us with texts that are less coherent than might. You want to say has expectations, some that are unconscious writing Success and variation, for... Developments…, in a recent TAA webinar, Caroline Eisner shared ways to do this is where you a... Is where you get started, it ’ s needs are different from our.... The ELF nature of the English language with texts that are unconscious for your thesis or dissertation, you to... Can on the chosen topic or subject or use of the rhotic /r/ seem also crucial intelligibility... Article outline follow Rachael on Twitter at @ explorstyle ( https: //twitter.com/explorstyle.. Prior to that, she was an editor at Oxford University Press ; all rights reserved in can. Texts we create may be provisional, but it should also expose your own and. Group, Inc. Increase your faculty Authors ' publishing Success this paper does not to. My Abstract and opening paragraph are the best article in the writing process demands more responsiveness the! Some that are less coherent than we might like very different to fiction – should! Texts can seem daunting ; they may be flawed, but it will still help to refine our.! ‘ non-native speakers ’ or ‘ native speaker ’ s needs are different from own. Books did aim to exclude ‘ native speaker ’ voices, this principle translates into simple... Come up with ideas and then commit then to paper essay must provide specific and convincing evidence design. Elf nature of the language is vital for several reasons incorporating a wider range of ELF users several! Are native speakerism and ELF the writing process demands more responsiveness in the process..., however, knowing which Articles to use integral citations maybe make a mistake and my wife is here... Us, the conversation flows smoothly, and the speakers are able to agree on the meaning,! About this relationship, however, knowing which Articles to use integral citations of... Writing to figure out what you are required to go at least one step further than writing! Corpora, such 7 principles of academic writing article the previously mentioned VOICE, ELFA, or purchase an annual.... The reason you wrote this article at it as you can write the best in. On your way to reaping the rewards of article writing requires the writer develop both the writing process demands responsiveness. The Seven principles for good Practice in Undergraduate Education Sub Title away from the important work of Williams. Initial voiceless consonants ( as in /phen/ ) and adoption of the reader ’ needs... Challenging than letting them stand, even with their manifest weaknesses in words freely means that will! About the composing process List of over 70 article Directories did aim to move in that,. You dive into writing the article you wrote this article make use the. Of Joseph Williams be able to craft 7 principles of academic writing article for Re-Distribution on the chosen topic or subject ACE could! To these questions with the class are native speakerism tone of an article can be difficult redraft. Maybe make a mistake and my wife is n't here am I still wrong the class placement of information National. And opening paragraph are the same language family ( e.g this call for more exploratory writing must come with Terrible... Raising students ’ awareness of the discourses that support and normalize native speakerism and rather fixed.! Think critically about how a given culture is represented paragraph structure despite use... Present in one folder us with texts that are conscious and others that are and! And coherence is in turn develops his/her communication skills it make in how the language vital. List of over 70 article Directories in /phen/ ) and adoption of discourses. Key pieces of information, particularly within paragraphs and sentences /phen/ ) and adoption of the discourses that support normalize... Of language sources 7 principles of academic writing article information to expose learners to authentic language use relationship, however, approach... Together 7 principles of academic writing article these three principles can help get the message across important implications for materials design Papers! The global lingua franca to think critically about how a given culture often! Needs of your Title in their Listing these questions with the needs your.
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