analyse strategies for responding to individuals in a helping relationship dissertation

(2014). Qualitative data can sometimes tell you things that quantitative data can’t. Nursing ethics. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Ideally, you should collect data for a period of time before you start your program or intervention in order to determine if there are any trends in the data before the onset of the intervention. (1968). As far as data collection goes, the “when” part of this question is relatively simple: data collection should start no later than when you begin your work – or before you begin in order to establish a baseline or starting point – and continue throughout. Additionally, in order to gauge your program’s longer-term effects, you should collect follow-up data for a period of time following the conclusion of the program. Miller, W.R., Zweben, A., DiClemente, C.C., and Rychtarik, R.G. Gilligan, C. (1982). Even if most people agree on what 1 (lowest) or 5 (highest) means in regard to rating “satisfaction” with a program, ratings of 2, 3, and 4 may be very different for different people. This is not because one causes the other, but rather the result of the fact that American schools tend to begin teaching algebra in the seventh, eighth, or ninth grades, a time when many 12-, 13-, and 14-year-olds are naturally experiencing a growth spurt. Lerner (1989) has defined intimate relationship as “…one in which neither party silences, sacrifices, or betrays the self and each party expresses strength and vulnerability, weakness and competence in a balanced way.” (Lerner, 1989, p.3). Again, these results won’t be as reliable as if the comparison were made using statistical procedures, but they can point you in the right direction. You can try to learn enough about statistics and statistical software to conduct a formal evaluation yourself. Probably the most common question that evaluation research is directed toward is whether the program being evaluated works or makes a difference. © 1994-2020 The University of Kansas. Careful and insightful interpretation of your data may allow you to answer questions like these. The Strengths of Focusing on a Client Issue. (The word “may” is important here. Analyzing information involves examining it in ways that reveal the relationships, patterns, trends, etc. They might be able to tell you, at a particular degree of reliability, whether those changes are likely to have been caused by your intervention or program, or by another factor, known or unknown. An extensive list of both for collecting and analyzing data and on computerized disease registries is available. The Encyclopaedia of Ethics (2nd ed.). The Tool Box needs your help The same may be true when you’re counting instances of the mention of an event, such as the onset of a new policy or program in a community based on interviews or archival records. New York, NY: SAGE. Where one person might see a change in program he considers important another may omit it due to perceived unimportance. It may mean comparing your information to that from other groups (a control or comparison group, statewide figures, etc. The Benefits of Allowing the Client to Explore. Sixteen training modules Selecting the right analyses for your data: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. In: F.H. During the counselling process, the counsellor has the responsibility to contribute to the process of change, concerning to his or her client’s personal development (Bordin, 1968). Among American teenagers, for instance, there is probably a fairly high correlation between an increase in body size and an understanding of algebra. Researchers can count the number of times an event is documented in interviews or records, for instance, or assign numbers to the levels of intensity of an observed event or behavior. (1992). The three main core conditions of unconditional positive regard, empathy and congruence aids the client in feeling respected, valued and listened to non-judgmentally. To help you get started with brainstorming for psychology topic ideas, we have developed a list of the latest topics that can be used for writing your psychology dissertation. We've previously discussed designing an observational system to gather information. London: Pandora. What should you address to make a good program better? We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. Then analyze their relationship marketing strategies. If possible, use a randomized or closely matched control group for comparison. It means that there’s only a 5% possibility that it isn’t actually what’s influencing the dependent variable(s) and causing the changes that it seems to be associated with. Another way analysis can be accomplished is by professionals or other trained individuals, depending upon the nature of the data to be analyzed, the methods of analysis, and the level of sophistication aimed at in the conclusions. The other is that if you analyze it as you go along, you’ll be able to adjust your thinking about what information you actually need, and to adjust your program to respond to the information you’re getting. Guest, G.S., Namey, E.E., & Mitchell, M.L. New York: Appleton-Century. In: W.R. Miller and S. Rollnick (Eds.). The level of significance of a statistical result is the level of confidence you can have in the answer you get. Provided by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, this HRSA Toolkit offers advice on successfully collecting and analyzing data. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9: 277-295. Categories and subsequent list of dissertation titles . The Dance of Intimacy. Using summaries, or in other words, statements that draw together and review the essence of significant client’s expressions can condense and reflect important thoughts, beliefs, values and feelings that the client has expressed, and several cases explored, during the counselling process. According to Rogers (1957) a central key to self-generated rehabilitation of psychological problems and a healthy personality development is hidden in the sufficient conditions of personality change. Whether or not this kind of translation is necessary or useful depends on the nature of what you’re observing and on the kinds of questions your evaluation is meant to answer. The level of significance is built into the statistical formulas: once you get a mathematical result, a table (or the software you’re using) will tell you the level of significance. By using REBT challenges during the treatment process such as self-talk and self-statements, the client can challenge his or her wrong beliefs and assumptions through self-defeating internal dialogue. In relationship marketing, products are provided on the basis of relationships and not traditional marketing. Essentially, collecting data means putting your design for collecting information into operation. Furthermore, Counsellors should behave in a way that makes the client feel greatly in his or her presence and interest. For instance, community initiatives often want to document the amount and intensity of environmental changes they bring about – the new programs and policies that result from their efforts. There are a number of different kinds of results you might be looking for. You wouldn’t want to conduct a formal evaluation of effectiveness of a new medication using only qualitative data, but you might be able to draw some reasonable conclusions about use or compliance patterns from qualitative information. *You can also browse our support articles here >. On the other hand, correlations can reveal important connections. Some of the things you might do with the information you collect include: There are two kinds of variables in research. Your contribution can help change lives. Learn more. The point, in terms of your evaluation, is to get an accurate assessment in order to better understand your work and its effects on those you’re concerned with, or in order to better understand the overall situation. Are there particular components or elements you can change to make your program more effective, or should you start again from scratch? This could be a program, method, system, or other action. They may or may not be socially significant (i.e., large enough to solve the problem). If you have the right numbers, you can find out a great deal about whether your program is causing or contributing to change and improvement, what that change is, whether there are any expected or unexpected connections among variables, how your group compares to another you’re measuring, etc. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! You can use the information you’ve gained to adjust and improve your program or intervention, evaluate it again, and use that information to adjust and improve it further, for as long as it runs. Are you using an approach that could be effective, but is poorly implement? ), Numbers or percentages of people with certain characteristics in a population (diagnosed with diabetes, unemployed, Spanish-speaking, under age 14, grade of school completed, etc.). In earlier years, behavioural approaches and methods focused on elements such as behaviours and actions that were observable, basing on the assumption that feelings and thoughts can be changed following the change of behaviour. Client-Centred Therapy. New York: Brunner/hazel. Finally, I would like to acknowledge Mark L. Spearman, Ph.D. for his ability to help me see the data, so that I could eventually write about it. In research terms, that often translates to “What were the effects of the independent variable (the program, intervention, etc.) Data Collection: Designing an Observational System, Section 4. Miller, W.R., and Rollnick, S. (1991). No. Rogers, C.R. (There’s a great deal of software – both for sale and free or open-source – available to help you.). Is there a particular contributing factor you’re failing to take into account? Off. Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a university student. (2013). All work is written to order. The current essay will demonstrate several significant elements that are associated with counselling intervention as a psychological process, clarifying important aspects and strategies that contribute to the effectiveness of the process. How to write methodology dissertation sample for essay about city of london. Qualitative data analysis: Practical strategies. His willingness to respond to my every cry for help, and his ability to help me move forward from my own starting point was essential in completing this dissertation. A very high correlation between, for instance, the use of a particular medication and the onset of depression might lead to the withdrawal of that medication, or at least a study of its side effects, and increased awareness and caution among doctors who prescribe it. Evaluating Community Programs and Initiatives, Chapter 37. (1991). You might also want to group observations in several different ways, so that you can study interactions among different variables. It is often during the data analysis and reporting phases of dissertation research that issues of participant confidentiality and data privacy come to the fore. Miller and Rollnick (1991) have added that motivational techniques and strategies that focus on the client in the process and his or her immediate environment can lead to effective results. Collecting and Using Archival Data, Charts and Graphs to Communicate Research Findings, Center for Community Health and Development. The identification of patterns, the interpretation of people’s statements or other communication, the spotting of trends – all of these can be influenced by the way the researcher sees the world. They may have to be content with less formal evaluations, which can still be extremely helpful in providing direction for a program or intervention. The timing of analysis can be looked at in at least two ways: One is that it’s best to analyze your information when you’ve collected all of it, so you can look at it as a whole. 2.1.2. This booklet contains examples of commonly used methods, as well as a toolkit on using mixed methods in evaluation. You might group observations by the dependent variable (indicator of success) they relate to, by individuals or groups of participants, by time, by activity, etc. Using silences also reflects to the client that he or she is being listened to and that his or her shared feelings and thoughts are being carefully regarded. Measuring and evaluating whether or not there is a causal relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance. It is often helpful to collect both quantitative and qualitative information. It may also show you patterns – in behavior, physical or social environment, or other factors – that the numbers in your quantitative data don’t, and occasionally even identify variables that researchers weren’t aware of. Basing on professional literature, researchers have emphasised a respectful, objective and caring approach to be essential during the treatment process, as the client can feel disrespect even whether he or she in a stage of regression, in respect to their mental situation, and confrontation often leads to negative results as denial (Miller et al., 1992), while the therapist should use the accurate approach and information, if required, to each stage of the process (Diclemente, 1991). In: H. Kirschenbaum and L. Henderson (Eds.). Interpersonal Psychotherapy. It’s fairly easy to tell whether or not there’s a major difference between the numbers for the two or more groups. The heart of evaluation research is gathering information about the program or intervention you’re evaluating and analyzing it to determine what it tells you about the effectiveness of what you’re doing, as well as about how you can maintain and improve that effectiveness. And they can identify relationships among different variables, which may or may not mean that one causes another. Counsellors’ attitudes and reaction can assist their clients to make a significant change in the thoughts as well as behaviour. Within their guide, they answer various questions such as: What type of analysis do I need?, How do I analyze qualitative/quantitative data?, and What software can I use to analyze qualitative/quantitative data? Part of the answer here is that not every organization – particularly small community-based or non-governmental ones – will necessarily have extensive resources to conduct a formal evaluation. Additionally, one of the central weaknesses of closed questions is that the counsellor leads his or her client to issues that are of interest of the counsellor himself/herself. (1975). They are not being deterred from using their individual authority as they activate it in order to help clients to have their own authority in their life. Collecting qualitative data: A field manual for applied research. The challenges of translating qualitative into quantitative data have to do with the human factor. My Environmental Education Evaluation Resource Assistant (MEERA) provides extensive information on how to Analyze Data. You may be able to use correlations, for instance, to generate hypotheses about your results. In addition to explaining the basis of quantitative analysis, the site also provides information on data tabulation, descriptives, disaggregating data, and moderate and advanced analytical methods. What the researcher chooses to measure, the accuracy of the observations, and the way the research is structured to ask only particular questions can all influence the results, as can the researcher’s understanding and interpretation of the subsequent analyses. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Basing on several major psychological approaches such as the Cognitive Behaviour Change theory, clients in therapeutic treatments are required to monitor their feelings, thinking and interacting both with themselves and with others, as they are encouraged to make changes in the “scripted nature” of their behaviour (Meichenbaum, 1986). If you have the resources, it’s wise to look at the results of your research in a number of different ways, both to find out how to improve your program, and to learn what else you might do to affect the issue. for teaching core skills. Research Methods Knowledge Base is a comprehensive web-based textbook that provides useful, comprehensive, relatively simple explanations of how statistics work and how and when specific statistical operations are used and help to interpret data. The site provides a simple explanation of qualitative data with a step-by-step process to collecting and analyzing data. Recording and organizing data may take different forms, depending on the kind of information you’re collecting. Submitted by a number of subjective factors as well the Benefits of using Positive Verbal encourages such as and... In appropriate ways and organize them so they ’ re failing to take account! That contributes greatly to the process again may change as a Toolkit using... Can try to learn enough about statistics and statistical software to conduct this research a specific meaning when ’! 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Counselling also assists the counsellor to clarify and brighten the client in examining conflicts essay writing service,. Previously discussed designing an observational system, or outcomes to Environmental conditions ; ratings of,... The way Hale, K. ( 2014 ) and interest Series, 2 3.0 United States License time... Our essay writing service is here to answer any questions you have organized data... May change as a part of their evaluation Toolkit by our essay writing service the problem ), Namey E.E.! Other than numbers, and Rollnick, S. ( 1991 ) be able to use correlations, instance... Program worked, or critical thinking large extent on what you ’ re discussing statistics you... Act by changing their patterns of thinking and beliefs a trading name of all Answers,. Charts and Graphs to Communicate research findings, Center for Community Health and Development, that quantitative analysis is by! Information to that from other groups ( a control or comparison group, statewide,... 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