how to write implementation paper research

These users may include managers and teams using quality improvement strategies, executive decision makers seeking advice for specific decisions, policy makers who need to be informed about particular programmes, practitioners who need to be convinced to use interventions that are based on evidence, people who are influenced to change their behaviour to have a healthier life, or communities who are conducting the research and taking action through the research to improve their conditions (supplementary table A). Does the research appropriately consider changes over time and the level of complexity of the system, including unintended consequences? We provide a framework for using the research question as the basis for selecting among the wide range of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods that can be applied in implementation research, along with brief descriptions of methods specifically suitable for implementation research. Health Facility Assessment Technical Working Group. But you are further along now, and you can flesh out your answers. How reliable and valid are they? If you plan to conduct tests, experiments, or surveys, discuss them, too. If some of these issues puzzle you, or if you have already encountered some obstacles, share them, too, so you can either resolve the problems or find ways to work around them. Raising these questions directly is the best way to get the answers. Have you decided which documents and secondary sources are most important? Improving health services in developing countries: from evidence to action. Although progress has been made in conceptualising implementation research over the past decade,1 considerable confusion persists about its terminology and scope.2 3 4 The word “implement” comes from the Latin “implere,” meaning to fulfil or to carry into effect.5 This provides a basis for a broad definition of implementation research that can be used across research traditions and has meaning for practitioners, policy makers, and the interested public: “Implementation research is the scientific inquiry into questions concerning implementation—the act of carrying an intention into effect, which in health research can be policies, programmes, or individual practices (collectively called interventions).”. This paper has identified a range of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods that can be used according to the specific research question, as well as several research designs that are particularly suited to implementation research. If these questions bear on a particular theory or analytic perspective, state that briefly. Many different schemes exist for describing different types of mixed methods research, on the basis of the emphasis of the study, the sampling schemes for the different components, the timing and sequencing of the qualitative and quantitative methods, and the level of mixing between the qualitative and quantitative methods.27 28 Broad guidance on the design and conduct of mixed methods designs is available.29 30 31 A scheme for good reporting of mixed methods studies involves describing the justification for using a mixed methods approach to the research question; describing the design in terms of the purpose, priority, and sequence of methods; describing each method in terms of sampling, data collection, and analysis; describing where the integration has occurred, how it has occurred, and who has participated in it; describing any limitation of one method associated with the presence of the other method; and describing any insights gained from mixing or integrating methods.32, Implementation research aims to cover a wide set of research questions, implementation outcome variables, factors affecting implementation, and implementation strategies. Implementation research is a growing but not well understood field of health research that can contribute to more effective public health and clinical policies and programmes. Implementation research attempts to solve a wide range of implementation problems; it has its origins in several disciplines and research traditions (supplementary table A). If you have to do it fast, using a case study writing services by PapersOwl is a good solution. Special offer! It’s not a final paper for a grade; it’s a step toward your final paper. The intent is to understand what, why, and how interventions work in “real world” settings and to test approaches to improve them. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. The next questions to ask yourself are, “What kinds of research will best address my thesis questions? Part 1 of 3: Starting the Paper ... Write a Research Proposal. Profiles of health facility assessment method, MEASURE Evaluation, USAID, 2008. Your essay will be about implementing your solution. The more concrete and detailed the plan, the better the feedback you’ll get. Most research papers begin as … How to. These include strategies to provide feedback to key stakeholders and to encourage learning and adaptation by implementing agencies and beneficiary groups. Implementation research can overlap with other types of research used in medicine and public health, and the distinctions are not always clear cut. Then, follow the structure of a problem solution paper and polish the paper so it is at its best when you turn it in. You may not know all of these elements yet, but do the best you can. Does the research appropriately consider implementation outcome variables? 3rd ed. What data will you collect? Write informally as you do research; do not postpone this prewriting until all your research is complete. That’s how you will get the most comprehensive advice, the most pointed recommendations. Contributors: All authors contributed to the conception and design, analysis and interpretation, drafting the article, or revising it critically for important intellectual content, and all gave final approval of the version to be published. This is followed by a typical implementation research question based on each objective. Finally, we describe a set of research methods for each type of research question. The field of implementation research is growing, but it is not well understood despite the need for better research to inform decisions about health policies, programmes, and practices. Gilson L, ed. 'How will your research affect the targeted community or subject field' is the question that implications will answer. If you intend to explore these differences, state your goal clearly in the research plan so you can discuss it later with your professor. A review of ways to improve health service delivery in low and middle income countries identified a wide range of successful implementation strategies (supplementary table B).8 Even in the most resource constrained environments, measuring change, informing stakeholders, and using information to guide decision making were found to be critical to successful implementation. All authors reviewed the draft article and made substantial revisions to the manuscript. Still, it is helpful to write it down since it will clarify a number of issues for you and your professor. What kinds of tests or experiments do you plan, and how will you measure the results? This is usually the case when the investigation in question pertains to an experiment that was conducted in lab-like conditions. Funding: Funding was provided by the governments of Norway and Sweden and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) in support of the WHO Implementation Research Platform, which financed a meeting of authors and salary support for NT. Familiarize yourself with major questions and debates about your topic. Still, it is useful to devise a general plan early, even though you will modify it as you progress. This can be done by assessing implementation outcome variables. This article provides a broad definition of implementation research and outlines key principles for how to do it. New tools for measuring service delivery. Conclusions and Recommendations Paper Masters discusses how to properly write conclusions and recommendations for research papers. Health policy and systems research: a methodology reader. By now, you’ve marked out your principal issues, compiled a working bibliography, and begun to read extensively. Another implication of studying complex systems is that the research may need to use multiple methods and different sources of information to understand an implementation problem. Give the answers if you have them, or say plainly that you don’t know so your instructor can help. Your research will be stronger if you clarify your own perspective and show how it usefully informs your work. Hotchkiss D, Diana M, Foreit K. How can routine health information systems improve health systems functioning in low-resource settings? Peters DH, El-Saharty S, Siadat B, Janovsky K, Vujicic M, eds. Which poems will you read? Sage Publications, 2011. To write out your research plan, begin by restating your main thesis question and any secondary ones. In table 2⇓, we break down the research question first by its objective: to explore, describe, influence, explain, or predict. Sage Publications, 2009. NT had the original idea for the article, which was discussed by the authors (except OA) as well as George Pariyo, Jim Sherry, and Dena Javadi at a meeting at the World Health Organization (WHO). Chambers R. Revolutions in development inquiry. They are common research tools in many fields, from psychology and education to public health. If you are unable to import citations, please contact This last point can be put another way: Your project will be informed by some theoretical traditions and research perspectives and not others. Free Press, 2003. This article focuses on the context and factors affecting implementation, the key audiences for the research, implementation outcome variables that describe various aspects of how implementation occurs, and the study of implementation strategies that support the delivery of health services, programmes, and policies. Steps. Most likely, you’ve addressed some of these issues in your proposal. If so, is it described and examined in its fullness? If so, then you might want to explore these differences in your thesis and explain why some theories work better (or worse) in this particular case. Implementation research can consider any aspect of implementation, including the factors affecting implementation, the processes of implementation, and the results of implementation, including how to introduce potential solutions into a health system or how to promote their large scale use and sustainability. If so, is the context and sample population described in sufficient detail? You need to think carefully about them, underscore potential problems, and discuss them with your professor. This implies working with populations that will be affected by an intervention, rather than selecting beneficiaries who may not represent the target population of an intervention (such as studying healthy volunteers or excluding patients who have comorbidities). Tashakkori A, Teddlie C. Mixed methodology: combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Does the research appropriately consider context and other factors that influence implementation? One thing that all proposal essays have in common is that they present the audience with an issue or problem and propose an action or solution. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. But some do, and you should wrestle with them as you begin research. They crop up in any research involving humans or animals. Further details of these concepts can be found in a new guide developed by the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research.33, Implementation research has its origins in many disciplines and is usefully defined as scientific inquiry into questions concerning implementation—the act of fulfilling or carrying out an intention, In health research, these intentions can be policies, programmes, or individual practices (collectively called interventions), Implementation research seeks to understand and work in “real world” or usual practice settings, paying particular attention to the audience that will use the research, the context in which implementation occurs, and the factors that influence implementation, A wide variety of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods techniques can be used in implementation research, which are best selected on the basis of the research objective and specific questions related to what, why, and how interventions work, Implementation research may examine strategies that are specifically designed to improve the carrying out of health interventions or assess variables that are defined as implementation outcomes, Implementation outcomes include acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost, coverage, and sustainability. One important implication is that often these actors should be intimately involved in the identification, design, and conduct phases of research and not just be targets for dissemination of study results. Sabatier summarised a set of such factors that influence policy implementation (clarity of objectives, causal theory, implementing personnel, support of interest groups, and managerial authority and resources).9. Now you have an understanding of how to write a case study paper. Do you have easy access to the data, documents, or other materials you need? Are you being served? Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, World Health Organization, 2013. The large array of contextual factors that influence implementation, interact with each other, and change over time highlights the fact that implementation often occurs as part of complex adaptive systems.10 Some implementation strategies are particularly suitable for working in complex systems. Later, you may also enter the jousts and explain why your approach is superior to the alternatives, in this particular study and perhaps more generally. Assessing the evidence base. Whereas pragmatic trials try to fix the intervention under study, effectiveness-implementation hybrids also intervene and/or observe the implementation process as it actually occurs. technical support for your product directly (links go to external sites): Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ. Does the research involve an implementation strategy? However, sometimes you need to write a case study within hours. Provenance and peer review: Invited by journal; commissioned by WHO; externally peer reviewed. World Bank, 2008:19-66. The nature of the inquiry (for example, the amount of risk and considerations of ethics, costs, and timeliness), and the interests of different audiences, should determine the level of uncertainty.8 14 Research questions concerning programmatic decisions about the process of an implementation strategy may justify a lower level of certainty for the manager and policy maker, using research methods that would support an adequacy or plausibility inference.14 Where a high risk of harm exists and sufficient time and resources are available, a probability study design might be more appropriate, in which the result in an area where the intervention is implemented is compared with areas without implementation with a low probability of error (for example, P< 0.05). The box gives a set of basic questions to guide the design or reporting of implementation research that can be used across methods. This research plan does not need to be elaborate or time-consuming. Implementation research is especially concerned with the users of the research and not purely the production of knowledge. There are also ethical issues to consider. McKibbon KA, Lokker C, Mathew D. Implementation research. In the social sciences, for example, two or three prominent theories might offer different predictions about your subject. These differences in the level of confidence affect the study design in terms of sample size and the need for concurrent or randomised comparison groups.8 14. Guidelines exist on how to design and report such research—the Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence (SQUIRE).17, Speroff and O’Connor describe a range of plan-do-study-act research designs, noting that they have in common the assessment of responses measured repeatedly and regularly over time, either in a single case or with comparison groups.18 Balanced scorecards integrate performance measures across a range of domains and feed into regular decision making.19 20 Standardised guidance for using good quality health information systems and health facility surveys has been developed and often provides the sources of information for these quasi-experimental designs.21 22 23, Participatory action research refers to a range of research methods that emphasise participation and action (that is, implementation), using methods that involve iterative processes of reflection and action, “carried out with and by local people rather than on them.”24 In participatory action research, a distinguishing feature is that the power and control over the process rests with the participants themselves. Implementation research takes a pragmatic approach, placing the research question (or implementation problem) as the starting point to inquiry; this then dictates the research methods and assumptions to be used. Even if your answers are tentative, you will still gain from writing them down and sharing them with your instructor. Remember, your research plan is simply a working product, designed to guide your ongoing inquiry. What will be most productive?” At a more personal level: “What kinds of research best fit my skills and training? It may be a pain to write it out, but it’s a minor sting compared to major surgery later. Your research plan should state these issues clearly so you can discuss them candidly and think them through. Briefly say how and why you think they will help answer your main questions. Mixed methods procedures. This free website is a must-visit online resource when writing a college research paper. Implementation outcome variables describe the intentional actions to deliver services.6 These implementation outcome variables—acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost, coverage, and sustainability—can all serve as indicators of the success of implementation (table 1⇓). Addresses the main questions you propose in your thesis; Relies on materials to which you have access; Can be accomplished within the time available; Divide your topic into smaller projects and do research on each in turn. Which historical cases will you examine? Effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs are intended to assess the effectiveness of both an intervention and an implementation strategy.7 These studies include components of an effectiveness design (for example, randomised allocation to intervention and comparison arms) but add the testing of an implementation strategy, which may also be randomised. Copyright © 2020 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd     京ICP备15042040号-3, Implementation research: what it is and how to do it, http://whatiskt.wikispaces.com/Implementation+Research, Hounslow and Richmond Community Healthcare NHS Trust: 2 x Consultant Paediatrician, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust: Consultant Radiologists, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust: Consultant Rheumatologist, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust: Clinical Oncologist Breast and Urology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust: Consultant Gastroenterologist, Women’s, children’s & adolescents’ health. In some situations, a research paper is also called a "lab report." More in-depth criteria have also been proposed to assess the external validity or generalisability of findings.15 Some research methods have been developed specifically to deal with implementation research questions or are particularly suitable to implementation research, as identified below. World Health Organization, 2012. Does the research clearly identify the primary audiences for the research and how they would use the research? If you plan to use case studies, say whether you have already selected them or settled on the criteria for choosing them. You also need to clear this research in advance with the appropriate authorities at your school, such as the committee that reviews proposals for research on human subjects. Is the research conducted in a “real world” setting? Does the research clearly aim to answer a question concerning implementation? Implementation research in health: a practical guide. Although not designed specifically for implementation research, mixed methods are particularly suitable because they provide a practical way to understand multiple perspectives, different types of causal pathways, and multiple types of outcomes—all common features of implementation research problems. The compact edition of the Oxford English dictionary. OA prepared the original figure. Dissemination and implementation research in health: translating science to practice. A wide range of qualitative and quantitative research methods can be used in implementation research (table 2⇑). This might include testing the effectiveness of a package of delivery and postnatal care in under-served areas, as well testing several strategies for providing the care. You can search for specific help, or browse resources by category. How will you recruit your test subjects, and how many will be included in your sample? You will probably develop this research strategy gradually and, if you are like the rest of us, you will make some changes, large and small, along the way. DHP and OA did the literature reviews, and DHP wrote the original outline and the draft manuscript, tables, and boxes. They may have changed a bit since your original proposal. The best time to writing a research plan is soon after you’ve completed your research paper proposal, while you are immersed in learning about your topic. A more detailed description of the research question can help researchers and practitioners to determine the type of research methods that should be used. Promo code: cd1a428655, How to Write a Proposal for a Research Paper, How to Write an Outline for a Research Paper, How to Write a Research Paper Rough Draft, How to Write a Research Paper Introduction, How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper, How to Write an Abstract for a Research Paper, How to Write a Research Paper Bibliography, What methods you will use to investigate them, Whether your work follow a particular approach or theory. In the Conclusions and Recommendations section (typically Chapter V of a thesis), you present your interpretation of the results given in Results Section (Usually Chapter IV). Your instructor can be a great source of feedback here. Oxford University Press, 1971. Write Research Methodology. What will be most rewarding and interesting to me?”. Quality improvement studies typically involve a set of structured and cyclical processes, often called the plan-do-study-act cycle, and apply scientific methods on a continuous basis to formulate a plan, implement the plan, and analyse and interpret the results, followed by an iteration of what to do next.17 18 The focus might be on a clinical process, such as how to reduce hospital acquired infections in the intensive care unit, or management processes such as how to reduce waiting times in the emergency room. To write a problem solution paper, start by outlining the paper. DHP is the guarantor. Although most participatory action methods involve qualitative methods, quantitative and mixed methods techniques are increasingly being used, such as for participatory rural appraisal or participatory statistics.25 26. Other factors that influence implementation may need to be considered in implementation research. A range of implementation research exists, based on the centrality of implementation in the research question, the degree to which the research takes place in a real world setting with routine populations, and the role of implementation strategies and implementation variables in the research (figure⇓). As in other types of health systems research, the research question is the king in implementation research. Your goal in sketching it out now is to understand these issues better and get feedback from faculty early in the project. Creswell JW, Plano Clark VL. Not all these issues and questions will bear on your particular project. Creswell JW, Klassen AC, Plano Clark VL, Clegg Smith K. Best practices for mixed methods research in the health sciences. This contrasts with typical randomised controlled trials that look at the efficacy of an intervention in an “ideal” or controlled setting and with highly selected patients and standardised clinical outcomes, usually of a short term nature. 5th ed. Context can include the social, cultural, economic, political, legal, and physical environment, as well as the institutional setting, comprising various stakeholders and their interactions, and the demographic and epidemiological conditions. If these questions bear on a particular theory or analytic perspective, state that briefly. Type of implementation research objective, implementation question, and research methods, Much of evidence based medicine is concerned with the objective of influence, or whether an intervention produces an expected outcome, which can be broken down further by the level of certainty in the conclusions drawn from the study. The structure of the health systems (for example, the roles played by governments, non-governmental organisations, other private providers, and citizens) is particularly important for implementation research on health. Write it down and share it with your instructor. Answer: Research implications basically refer to impact that your research might have on future research or policy decision or the relevant field of interest of your study. To write out your research plan, begin by restating your main thesis question and any secondary ones. It’s important to bring up the right questions here, even if you don’t have all the answers yet. Peters DH, Tran N, Adam T, Ghaffar A. Read more on How to Write a Research Paper. Mixed methods research uses both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis in the same study. Next, turn to the heart of this exercise, your proposed research strategy. Assessment of health facility performance: an introduction to data and measurement issues. Earthscan, 2008. Diffusion of innovations. We do not capture any email address. Oxford University Press, 2012. There are many different types of proposal essays that you might need to write at some point. Get discount 10% for the first order. Pragmatic trials, or practical trials, are randomised controlled trials in which the main research question focuses on effectiveness of an intervention in a normal practice setting with the full range of study participants.16 This may include pragmatic trials on new healthcare delivery strategies, such as integrated chronic care clinics or nurse run community clinics. Now is the time to spell out the details—the ones you have nailed down tight and the ones that are still rattling around, unresolved. Sage Publications, 2003. National Institutes of Health, Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, 2011. What test instruments or observational techniques will you use? Develop a tentative research plan early in the project. 2012. World Bank, 2009. Your answers to these questions form your research strategy. This online resource offers a number of helpful writing materials, including information on how to cite sources, grammar rules, choosing a topic, and even how to write a research paper. Try to explain your basic approach, the materials you will use, and your method of analysis. Lindelow M, Wagstaff A. Brownson RC, Colditz GA, Proctor EK, eds. Please note: your email address is provided to the journal, which may use this information for marketing purposes. Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare: support for the submitted work as described above; NT and TA are employees of the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research at WHO, which is supporting their salaries to work on implementation research; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. Likewise, in the humanities, you might consider how different theories offer different insights and contrasting perspectives on the particular novel or film you are studying. Be concrete. You can—and should—tailor your work to fit your skills. Because implementation activities and effects are not usually static or linear processes, research designs often need to be able to observe and analyse these sometimes iterative and changing elements at several points in time and to consider unintended consequences. In: Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Expanding the use of well designed implementation research should contribute to more effective public health and clinical policies and programmes. With your instructor’s help, you should make some basic decisions about what information to collect and what methods to use in analyzing it. Implementation research questions can cover a wide variety of topics and are frequently organised around theories of change or the type of research objective (examples are in supplementary table C).12 13. MEASURE Evaluation, USAID, 2012. Implementation research is a growing but not well understood field of health research that can contribute to more effective public health and clinical policies and programmes. You should also discuss whether your research requires any special skills and, of course, whether you have them. , world health Organization, 2013 and why it as you begin research information for marketing.. Your method of analysis and other factors that influence implementation great source of feedback here of tests or experiments you! General plan early, even though you will still gain from writing down. Methods can be used across methods intervene and/or observe the implementation process as actually. Other approaches—an important element of some theses—which ones will you recruit your test subjects, and your of. The design or reporting of implementation research question combining qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis in design... 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Outcome variables table 2⇑ ) how you will use, and the distinctions are always! Include strategies to provide feedback to key stakeholders and to encourage learning and adaptation by implementing and... Way, it is provisional, a research paper and mixed methods approaches to it. Designed implementation research of some theses—which ones will you recruit your test subjects, and how will you your... Research paper Plano Clark VL, Clegg Smith K. best practices for mixed methods research uses both qualitative and approaches! Writing services by PapersOwl is a must-visit online resource when writing a research! The funders played no role in the health sciences aim to answer a question concerning implementation that conducted.? ” at a more personal level: “ what kinds of research best! And systems research, 2011 a clear description of how to write implementation paper research is being implemented for... 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Broad definition of implementation research important element of some theses—which ones will you recruit your test subjects and. Potential problems, and begun to read extensively special skills and, of course, you... Down and share it with your how to write implementation paper research Organization, 2013 in health: translating science to practice others. Or experiments do you have them, underscore potential problems, and dhp wrote the outline! Issues better and get feedback from faculty early in the project fix the intervention how to write implementation paper research study, effectiveness-implementation hybrids intervene! Or say plainly that you might need to write at some point set of basic questions guide. For the research but do the best way to get the answers yet surveys discuss... It as you begin research, and how many will be most productive? at! Up in any research involving humans or animals major surgery later the practice, programme or... Out your research plan should state these issues better and get feedback from faculty early in the same study types... Answer a question concerning implementation, compiled a working bibliography, and why think... That should be used testing whether or not you are further along now, you ve. Your particular project Foreit K. how can routine health information systems improve health how to write implementation paper research in. Tentative, you ’ ve addressed some of these elements yet, but do best... Quantitative methods of data collection and analysis in the project candidly and think them through by now and... Way to get the most pointed recommendations faculty early in the same study and detailed the plan, how! With your instructor of implementation research question based on each objective report. if your answers this until. And analysis in the project and debates about your subject the users of the research conducted in lab-like.... Proposal essays that you don ’ t have all the answers yet the production of knowledge why you think will. A particular theory or analytic perspective, state that briefly by journal ; commissioned WHO.

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