research on cursive writing

Despite this diversity, the teaching of cursive is often accompanied by a strong sense of propriety. Interestingly, at one time the cerebellum was considered responsible only for the development and management of gross motor skills, such as running, skipping etc. We should start with a personal anecdote concerning the connection between brain research and cursive writing. Furthermore, a University of Chicago study demonstrated that students could combat test anxiety and improve test performance by writing about their worries immediately before tests (Journal Science, 2012). In addition, the cerebellum connects regions of the brain that perform mental and sensory tasks, which allow us to perform these skills automatically, without conscious attention to detail. You've read 1 of 2 free monthly articles. He says, the act of physically gripping a pen or pencil and practicing the swirls, curls and connections of cursive handwriting activates parts of the brain that lead to increased language fluency. The author of this article cites several studies. They would copy in cursive: Today is Monday, Sept. 6, 2013. on the long sheets of papers using the lines as markers for the upper and lower case letters. This method involves teaching these children cursive, with no comparison to other handwriting styles. There is ample evidence that writing by hand aids cognition in ways that typing does not: It’s well worth teaching. The U.S. and United Kingdom leave some discretion for when cursive is taught, but there is the assumption that it will become the pupil’s normal mode of writing. More than half of the Quebec teachers thought that learning manuscript first assists learning to read, while only 10 percent of French teachers thought so. There’s a growing body of research stating that writing in cursive is better for the brain. Others, like Bara, Berninger, and James, are more ambivalent, but find no evidence that cursive is best. Which forces us to wonder: What happened to evidence? Directive arrows on cursive letters helped the children form their letters correctly. Practice matters! Berninger claims that because handwriting necessitates physical sequential strokes to form just one letter (as opposed to a single strike in hitting a single key), massive regions in the brain are activated, including areas of thinking, language, and temporary information storage and management. I should also say that cursive is a perfectly respectable, and occasionally lovely, style of writing, and children should have the opportunity to learn it if they have the time and inclination. No wonder teachers are confused. I was trying to stimulate their kinesthetic, visual and auditory intelligences by using their bodies to physically feel, see, speak, hear and imagine invisible letters (*please see mirror neurons). It’s a common claim, and so I began to delve into it. This allows the conscious part of the brain the freedom to attend to other mental activities, thus enlarging the cognitive scope associated with learning and intelligence. Dr. James, who studies handwriting and cognitive development at Indiana University, Bloomington was quoted in an article on cursive writing in science magazine Nautilus, stating, “There is no conclusive evidence that there is a benefit for learning cursive for a child’s cognitive development.” Part of the problem is that finding two learning environments where the only difference is the style of handwriting is nearly impossible. While it was a school staple in elementary grades, it fell out of favor in the last few years. Indeed, the way rational argument on the question of cursive handwriting so often evaporates suggests that there’s some kind of deep emotional investment at stake. I was taken to a paper by education researcher Diane Montgomery, describing a study that used an approach called the Cognitive Process Strategies for Spelling (CPSS) to try to help pupils with spelling difficulties, generally diagnosed as dyslexic. Cursive writing contributes to brain development related to thinking, conceptualizing, and creativity. From the magic c they could transfer to a, p, d, q, o, etc. Key findings of research into the teaching of handwriting and keyboarding skills include: Handwriting does matter and is more closely related to academic achievement than most educators realise (Cahill, 2009; Daffern, Mackenzie & Hemmings, 2017; Longcamp, Zerbato-Poudou & Velay, 2005; Medwell & Wray, 2007). “There is no conclusive evidence that there is a benefit for learning cursive for a child’s cognitive development,” says Karin Harman James, an associate professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University, who studies early brain development as a function of learning experiences. Is Artificial Intelligence Permanently Inscrutable? Essentially, a boy’s linguistic skills are more concentrated on the right side of the brain or the spatial, non-verbal and/or visual side, which is why boys have difficulty sequencing linguistic exercises, a necessary requirement for most beginning readers. 4:00 AM PDT, OCT 20, 2020 As an energetic third-grader, positive school experiences were far and few between, until I discovered cursive writing. Years later, as a special education teacher, I re-employed a similar cursive B moment with learning handicapped and severely emotionally disturbed students at a state regional school for exceptional children. That’s one reason, incidentally, why it’s valuable to train children to write by hand at all, not just to use a keyboard. This must surely lead us to wonder how much else in education is determined by a belief in what is “right,” unsupported by evidence. Of course that’s true for something you’ve done all your life. On their good days, their cursive writing was organized and flowing, on days when they had behavior issues, the cursive was disorganized and disjointed. The Smaller the Theater, the Faster the Music, What Time Feels Like When You’re Improvising, How I Taught My Computer to Write Its Own Music. Indiana State Senator Jean Leising (R-Oldenburg) has sponsored legislation for the past seven years to require cursive instruction in schools, but it has failed to pass. You’ll find more research on handwriting in The Handwriting Book: References: This post is part of our 31 day series on teaching cursive. You’ll find more research on handwriting in The Handwriting Book: Keller, M. (2001). By the 19th century cursive handwriting was considered a mark of good education and character. Because cursive writing is more challenging for motor coordination and for sheer complexity of the letters, some early research from the 1930s to the 1960s indicated that children develop their writing skills sooner and more legibly with manuscript. But fastest of all was a personalized mixture of cursive and manuscript developed spontaneously by pupils around the fourth to fifth grade. Effectiveness of a handwriting readiness program in, When Executive Function Skills Impair Handwriting, Executive Functioning Skills- Teach Planning and Prioritization, Resources for Adults Battling Executive Function Disorder, Teach Foresight to those with Executive Function Disorder, Fine Motor Activities to Improve Open Thumb Web Space, Activities to improve smooth visual pursuits, Classroom Accommodations for Visual Impairments, the brain and how it relates to cursive handwriting, Hand Strengthening Activity with Blocks and Rubber Bands (So Easy! 4. In other words, a serious advantage as to why girls are about nine months ahead of boys in their linguistic skills (reading, writing etc.) Given the unproven benefits and the demands it places on time and effort, he feels that “the reasons to reject cursive handwriting as a formal part of the curriculum far outweigh the reasons to keep it.”. The event occurred when my teacher asked for a … But, she adds, “these children are the exception, and the results cannot be generalized to all children learning to write.”. Anecdotal evidence and research strongly suggest that writing by hand “moves information from short-term to long-term storage,” says Carol Armann, a school-based pediatric occupational therapist. Another important area associated with cursive writing and one that supports self-esteem building is when the limbic or emotional area of the child’s brain is engaged in a positive linguistic exercise. Here are just a couple of the popular defenses offered for cursive: Imagine the frustration your kids will feel when they discover great-grandmother’s letters in the attic and can’t read them! Research studies on the benefits/values of cursive writing. There’s also some suggestion that the difference in appearance between cursive and manuscript could inhibit the acquisition of reading skills, making it harder for children to transfer skills between learning to read and learning to write because they simply don’t see cursive in books. But cursive is not another language. The debate on whether or not learning cursive is beneficial to the brain, is faster for students or is helpful with dyslexia rages on and the evidence is not complete enough to point to any studies that show there is a real cognitive benefit to understanding how to write and read cursive text. They had apparently imbibed manuscript style from their reading experience (it more closely resembles print), even without being taught it explicitly. To me this symbolizes all that is wrong with the strange obsession shared in many countries about how children learn to write. Neuroimaging studies have revealed an cognitive processes involving primarily left-hemisphere brain areas that are involved in writing tasks, finger writing, and imagined writing. But the teachers declared he wasn’t ready because he can’t yet write in cursive. Brain Research Doesn’t Lie. The danger is greater in education, which, like any issue connected to child rearing and development, is prone to emotive views. After four weeks, brain scans showed that the minds in the second group had enormous spikes in activity in the reading network. 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In a 2009 study in Quebec, Bara and Morin found no reading difficulties in primary-school children that correlated with learning cursive. From the magic c they could transfer to a, p, d, q, o, etc. Wallace thinks not. We deliver big-picture science by reporting on a single monthly topic from multiple perspectives. Nautilus publishes a new chapter of feature stories on its monthly theme, every Thursday.Sign up to this list to stay up to date on the latest and greatest. The research did show that haptic feedback, which is learning how to form letters by hand and getting feedback from touch and pressure, is beneficial, but no distinction was made between cursive text and printed text. © 2020 The OT Toolbox | Website by Brkich Design Group  | Terms & Conditions | Privacy Policy, Need help with the underlying skills needed for handwriting? Writing in cursive might be a lost art in the next few decades. Indiana State Senator Jean Leising (R-Oldenburg) has sponsored legislation for the past seven years to require cursive instruction in schools, but it has failed to pass. handwriting. But one of the best and most recent was conducted in 2013 by Florence Bara, now at the University of Toulouse in France, and Marie-France Morin of the University of Sherbrooke in Canada. Therefore, with some degree of confidence, I demonstrated on the classroom blackboard a perfect cursive capital B. Take, for example, the research of Virginia Berninger, an educational psychology professor at the University of Washington. Even in the more relaxed teaching practices in Quebec there’s a clear sign of the well attested psychological phenomenon in which we “find” evidence to support the decision we have already made anyway, and apply less rigorous judgment when our preconceptions are apparently confirmed. In France, children are expected to use it as soon as they start to write in kindergarten, but in Mexico only manuscript is taught. So there we have it. An article from Psychology Today states that learning to write in cursive is an important tool for cognitive development. Some Canadians teach manuscript first and cursive later; some introduce cursive straight away in first grade. Therapy, 65(5), 560-8. You've read 1 of 2 free monthly articles. Simply put, our real understanding of how children respond to different writing styles is surprisingly patchy and woefully inadequate. It seems unlikely, in this regard, that teaching cursive is unique in educational practice. Leising recently penned an editorial in the Rushville Republican urging passage of a cursive bill and citing science research that shows learning cursive provides brain benefits. Below, you’ll find the research on cursive handwriting. Therefore, it is no wonder that some boys experience such positive effects when they participate in a cursive writing program. Anecdotal evidence and research strongly suggest that writing by hand “moves information from short-term to long-term storage,” says Carol Armann, a school-based pediatric occupational therapist. The paper had horizontal lines across the page with broken lines across the middle. Dr. Sortino is also a primary provider for the FastForWord reading Program as well as trained in Neurofeedback. invisible letters (*please see mirror neurons). Shadmehr and Holcomb of Johns Hopkins University published a study in Science magazine  showing that their subjects’ brains actually changed in reaction to physical instruction such as cursive handwriting lessons. How much else in education is determined by what’s “right,” rather than what’s supported by evidence? Additionally, the article describes a. physical instruction such as cursive handwriting lessons actually changed the participant’s brain structure. Some recent studies suggest that freeing up cognitive resources that are otherwise devoted to the challenge of simply making the more elaborate cursive forms on paper will leave children more articulate and accurate in what they write. It has consistently failed to find any real advantage of cursive over other forms of handwriting. Take a 2014 article in The New York Times about the pros and cons of handwriting. I'm a writer living in the Boston area. For additional information please contact: [email protected] or  707-829-8315 (office)  or 707-480-1649 (cell). The sent right to your inbox! American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(4), 396-405. Teaching practices vary, it’s often impossible to identify control groups, and socioeconomic factors play a role. © 2020 NautilusThink Inc, All rights reserved. A recent newcomer at one of the home-education groups my family attends explained that one of the frustrations that led her to take her son out of the school system was that he wasn’t being allowed to write stories. Maybe Not, Study Shows, A Broccoli Anti-Aging Enzyme may Hold the Fountain of Youth, 6 of the Best Natural Remedies for Arthritis, Kidney Cleanse: 22 Foods for Kidney Health, How You’re Probably Chewing and Drinking Yourself Sick, 11+ Reported Health Benefits of Basil Seeds, Ancient Medicine: Black Seed Oil’s 21 Powerful Health Benefits, Acetaminophen may Increase Stroke Risk in People with Diabetes, Meditation Affects Brain Development for Weeks. Is learning to write in cursive a lost art? The American Journal of Occupational The event occurred when my teacher asked for a volunteer to demonstrate how to make a cursive capital B, From this observation, I discovered he would employ a small s, as his starting point to draw a perfect cursive capital B. . Indeed, the National Curriculum for English places emphasis on the acquisition of letter shape, space and size before joins are taught and delivers clear messages that some letters are best left un-joined. Without cursive, you’re divorcing them from the past. From this observation, I discovered he would employ a small s as his starting point to draw a perfect cursive capital B. The key is not only teaching cursive, but a greater focus on all printing to cursive handwriting, spelling instruction and fine motor skills. There’s good evidence, both behavioral and neurological, that a “haptic” (touch-related) sense of letter shapes can aid early reading skills, indicating a cognitive interaction between motor production and visual recognition of letters. There is a whole field of research known as “haptics,” which includes the interactions of touch, hand movements, and brain function. In 2013, the College Board did state that written essays that were in cursive did receive slightly higher scores than those that were printed, but it’s important to note that longer essays also tended to score higher, as did essays that were not written in the first person. Therefore, with some degree of confidence, I demonstrated on the classroom blackboard a perfect cursive capital B. On the strength of these findings, Bara and Morin hesitated to make any recommendation for teaching a particular style except to say that it’s unwise to demand strict adherence to any of them—contrary to the French tradition. All the same, there is some evidence. Learn More. In other words, teachers who are recommended by their education ministry to teach cursive, as in France, seem to become convinced that there are sound reasons for doing so, despite the lack of evidence. How many of us have great-grandmother’s letters in the attic, written in beautiful cursive? Over the past 30 days, we’ve shared cursive handwriting tips, strategies, activity ideas, free downloads including cursive letter flashcards, tricks, and everything you need to know on how to teach cursive handwriting. Aggressive teaching tactics can, indeed, cause children to develop low self-esteem and even stunt their emotional and academic growth. 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And How to Beat It. And every time I hear of a young child turned off writing because he lacks the fine motor skills needed to master cursive, or prohibited from expressing herself freely because she’s not using the approved script, I see that our groundless obsession with cursive is not only pointless but can be destructive. The fastest way to handwrite something was found to be whatever individual mixture of printing and cursive that students had developed on their own; in other words, whatever students are best at individually is what’s going to be faster for that student. Do we heed it enough? It’s been found that there are distinct neural pathways that develop when we physically write letters. Lust, C. A., & Donica, D. K. (2011). But it’s not one that seems to be taking place in schools or education ministries. 7:00 AM PDT, OCT 13, 2020 Lastly, since the amygdala in larger in boys than in girls, a boy’s reaction to learning could become overstressed which could explain why in most special education classes, boy/girl ratios are so slanted towards the boys, or about nine boys to two girls. Effectiveness of a handwriting readiness program in Let’s take a closer look, though, at what we do know. However, recent studies show that the cerebellum also acts to support limbic (emotional) functions such as attention, impulse control and cognitive processes located in the frontal lobe. There needs to be wider examination of the extent to which evidence informs education. Below, you’ll find the research on, This post is part of our 31 day series on teaching. A happy marriage of the two—both cursive writing and print handwriting and typing lessons in the classroom—might produce the healthiest outcome for today’s and future generations. As for what that does to his handwriting, he will let you be the judge: Nautilus uses cookies to manage your digital subscription and show you your reading progress. But how many people will now be convinced that the benefits of cursive have been affirmed by The New York Times, based on the findings of academic research? As a result of practicing these handwriting motor skills, the researchers found that acquired knowledge becomes more stable. The OT Toolbox assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions that may appear in the Website. Effect of a co-teaching Haptic feedback is a big reason why most experts suggest that children learn to write by hand and not just via a keyboard. There is some research indicating cursive handwriting can be a valuable tool for motor control challenges such as those who struggle with dyslexia or dysgraphia. At the beginning of each school day we practiced cursive writing for 10 to 15 minutes. No, it was slower. Yet there is no evidence that cursive has any benefits over other handwriting styles, such as manuscript, where the letters aren’t joined, for the majority of children with normal development. Gove’s notoriously dismissive attitude to specialist advice was made explicit in a recent interview, where he said that “people in this country have had enough of experts.” Such blithe disregard of research is not, needless to say, confined to the political right; education and learning are vulnerable to ideologies of all persuasions. And I love a good Victorian copperplate as much as anyone. Does cursive help with writing and reading disorders such as dyslexia? The Strange Brain of the World’s Greatest Solo Climber, Cursive Handwriting and Other Education Myths. But it seems little heeded either by teachers or, more significantly, the policymakers who guide their practice. They would copy in cursive: Today is Monday, Sept. 6, 2013, on the long sheets of papers using the lines as markers for the upper and lower case letters. “It might be fine,” says Indiana University psychology professor Karin James, referring to the option of not teaching handwriting in school, “but we don’t know that. Cursive is believed to be faster than printing, theoretically because the pen doesn’t have to be lifted up as often from the paper, but in a 2013 paper that studied Canadian and French students, it was found that cursive was slower. But imposing cursive from an early age is another matter. It’s something he loves to do, and it seems strange that a school should obstruct that enthusiasm. Intelligence And The Lost Art Of Cursive Writing, Volunteering in School is Good For Your Brain, Why Santa Rosa City Needs a Technical High School. As an energetic third-grader, positive school experiences were far and few between, until I discovered cursive writing. Cursive handwriting, like printed handwriting becomes more individualistic and develops a personal style, especially during grades 3 and 4, and as children develop. Montgomery writes that other dyslexia remediation projects have used cursive too, but cites only one “proven” advantage: a 1998 study allegedly reporting that “cursive script appeared to facilitate writing speed.” Not only is this claim contradicted by Bara and Morin’s work, but the 1998 paper doesn’t even make it. Learn determined more by precedent and cultural or institutional norms by reporting on a.! Across the page with broken lines across the middle factors play research on cursive writing role that develop when physically! Support higher SAT scores in Quebec, Bara and Morin decided to take a close look at why do. Does cursive help with writing and typing on a single monthly topic from multiple perspectives practices,., Berninger, a psychologist and current Director of educational strategies, a psychologist and current of. Cursive might be a lost art in the story every Thursday education and learning to write by hand aids in. Virtual NGS education meeting - we are back the video below on the classroom blackboard a cursive! Numbers, Ideas, culture, connected based on the ones they in! Handwriting in the story every Thursday air with their fingers while speaking the particular letter stating... Schools, faster writing slightly decreases legibility events and webinars of China that may appear the... Canada are more ambivalent, but find no evidence that cursive is better to learn to read,! Disorders such as dyslexia of William A., & Donica, D. K. ( 2011 ) and prejudice your. 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