how does the government help the poor dissertation

[REF] President Obama called for eliminating the USDA catfish inspection program in his FY 2014 budget. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established after World War II to enhance stable, private-sector-led global economic growth through trade and investment—and the biggest group to benefit from that growth has been the world’s poor. Dental hygienists in two states, Alabama and Mississippi, are not permitted to do dental prophylaxis without a dentist on site; and, there are many states that lack “direct-access” supervision levels for prophylaxis. Some countries may not even bother to go through the regulatory equivalence process. [REF] Home sharing can be done responsibly without outright bans or excessive regulation. The market itself also dictates open-space requirements; for example, homebuyers may demand open space in new residential developments. ?�t��FOL>��0M[WJL��, Goran Hyden, Julius Court and Kenneth Mease, Government and Governance in 16 Developing Countries - World Governance Survey Discussion Papers 6. The freedom to trade has many economic benefits, not merely for domestic exporters, but also for consumers who, through imports, get more choices and less-expensive goods. While states have responded by passing laws that are intended to provide protection from these economic-development takings, many eminent domain abuses remain. [REF] This trade retaliation would likely focus on other agricultural interests, such as meat packers and soybean farmers. While the taxes are on distributors and not at the point of sale, these taxes, if they are to reduce consumption, would need to be passed on to consumers. [REF] State governments should remove any remaining barriers to financial institutions that want to offer prize-linked savings accounts in their states. In 2014, voters in Berkeley, California, approved a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (a “soda tax”). Which jobs are available to someone who finds himself suddenly out of work and needs a new source of income right away? This nation is filled with success stories of people escaping poverty, but those stories seem to be getting fewer as government has grown. Most minimum-wage jobs are starting jobs. Dental-hygienist restrictions on cleaning teeth without a dentist’s authorization are a case in point. The rule identifies it as an abusive and unfair practice for a lender to make such a loan without first reasonably determining that the consumer has the ability to repay the loan. It will lead to more spending and higher economic growth. These changes would make it easier for all families—and low-income families in particular—to afford safe, quality childcare. [REF] Because Uber and Lyft drivers are independent contractors, they can set their own hours. [REF] Such restraints on imports are a hidden tax hitting the poor’s pocketbooks each month. Congress needs to examine the extent to which the smart-growth philosophy has infiltrated the federal government, and root it out. (See Chart 1. [REF] This is despite a roughly 10 percent to 15 percent competitive advantage over other utilities due to the favorable government policies that the TVA enjoys.[REF]. Specific policies in the smart-growth toolbox are extremely harmful to the poor. [REF] Loosening scope of practice laws can make medical care more affordable—and thus more accessible to the poor—while at the same time expanding possibilities for promotion and higher earnings in working-class medical professions. Ridesharing Regulations. [REF], Regardless of what one believes about the nature of global warming, the climate return on these regulations, if any, is negligible. In the 20 years of democracy one has seen some strides made in certain key sectors of the economy like education and health, however, at a local government level the quality and efficient delivery of basic services to people like water, sanitation, housing and electricity remains a huge challenge. 1 0 obj These relics of the New Deal are initiated by industry, enforced by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and are binding upon the entire industry in the covered geographic area, regardless of whether an individual agricultural producer has supported the marketing order. Writing a dissertation is not only new, it’s also a very large, very independent project. Import restraints on food and clothing are regressive in nature. Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Orders. 2003-12-01T12:32:33Z2013-04-16T17:11:38+01:00PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2 xœÅš]‹Ý6†ïû+ôºš/}@4irQ’^J)ÛôZH6$[Hÿ}Ç'{ì‘]ٖ¼K 9¬lYG~ŽßÑèCtÞAr˜“ƒì Cï2e‡à Cpˆ$“CÒ>:d=Dú!úõJ풂^AÔóÉ×eG1³#ïôbÇÌàGѓäÄ=ÎNØëEâ$ê \ðç‹] ÖA“!èq]ÎÁ±w‘ôËt¨$9F³~?“KÃ|™]’ÄŽÅ¥”´_põu¨,:¸N9§ Ç³zÛ¢ ¼xt¢w^ï[ô–t.¢÷¬7íu† A hair braider who does not have thousands of dollars for cosmetology classes should not be prevented from practicing hair braiding. Merchant Marine, the law has instead fostered stagnation in the U.S. maritime shipping industry. with low income, such as low education, the inability to speak English, and residence in areas with high levels of pollution, also contribute to poor health.2 Equally important, the link between poverty and poor health does not go in … [REF] Furthermore, unlike medical maladies, almost all dental disease is preventable. The federal government should also get out of the business of encouraging smart-growth policies at the local level; smart growth plays a significant role in the Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Transportation, among other agencies, which have been leading drivers of these policies that are so harmful to the poor. Practitioners of African hair braiding, for instance, are still regulated as cosmetologists in many states,[REF] despite the lack of overlap in the skills required for African hair braiding and cosmetology. The world’s poor lose, not once but twice. Congress should repeal the RFS and allow the market to best meet transportation fuel demand. If allowed to stand, the New Source Performance Standards for new electricity-generating units would effectively prohibit the construction of new coal-fired power plants, and the regulations for existing plants, the Clean Power Plan, would force states to re-engineer their respective energy mix to meet state-specific reduction targets. Perhaps most oppressive are requirements for non-attaining regions to offset ozone-creating emissions from new or expanding businesses with cuts in emissions elsewhere. This will allow farmers to grow and sell legal products as they see fit. Two-thirds of minimum-wage workers in the U.S. earn a raise within a year. 5 0 obj If Americans want to buy energy-efficient products, they can choose to make those purchases. The report does not address the harms imposed by the distorted incentives of the current welfare system, which discourages work and self-sufficiency, or cover some critical areas, such as education and health care policy. In New York and Boston, medallion leasing fees can reach $100 per driver, per shift. << /Metadata 4 0 R /OCProperties << /D << /AS [ << /Category [ /View ] /Event /View /OCGs [ 5 0 R ] >> << /Category [ /Print ] /Event /Print /OCGs [ 5 0 R ] >> << /Category [ /Export ] /Event /Export /OCGs [ 5 0 R ] >> ] /ON [ 5 0 R ] /Order [ ] /RBGroups [ ] >> /OCGs [ 5 0 R ] >> /OpenAction 6 0 R /PageLayout /SinglePage /PageMode /UseThumbs /Pages 8 0 R /Type /Catalog >> In reality, government policies often make it difficult for those striving to make ends meet. USDA Catfish Inspection Program. Workers with the least education will get hit the hardest because these very high minimum wages will attract more educated individuals to these positions. endobj “Peddler’s Permits,” “temporary food permits,” and other permission slips from the government to sell things are governmental overreach that hurt the poor the most because the poor are least likely to have hundreds of dollars to buy the right to sell things like water, T-shirts, or plastic roses on a public sidewalk. In most states, it is illegal to operate an unlicensed childcare operation with the exception of caring for a few children in a home setting. In a time when teenagers from poor homes are the least likely to have jobs,[REF] government should not be using its resources to chase them out of the marketplace. This will help all property owners, and particularly the poor, who are often the targets of this eminent domain abuse. One example of a particularly costly and burdensome regulation is Maryland’s requirement that licensed day-care providers have established procedures for evacuating the center and relocating children and staff to a designated safe site. [REF] For the poor who want to get out of poverty, the government is making such a move far more difficult. Historically, Congress and state legislatures have recognized these negative consequences and have avoided raising the minimum wage to levels where it would clearly hurt the poor. This arrangement shields the TVA from scrutiny from both the private sector and the government, with egregious results. Rent Control. The most egregious aspect of this program is that the artificially high prices are not an unintended consequence of the program, but the inevitable result of intentionally restricting supply. Government policies often make it difficult for individuals to have the opportunity to succeed and prosper. ), Rent controls lead to housing shortages because demand for housing outstrips supply. INTRODUCTION The existence of local government has always been defended on the basis that it is a crucial aspect of the process of democratization and intensification of mass participation in the decision-making process. They also come at the expense of consumers, especially the poor, who are directly harmed by artificially high food prices. [REF] While employees who keep their jobs get higher wages, high starting wage requirements make it especially hard for poor people to get jobs. These policies, at the local, state, and federal levels, are just the tip of the iceberg. This unnecessarily drives up the cost of licensed childcare and limits parents’ options. [REF] New York’s increase is projected to eliminate over 400,000 jobs. [REF] The EPA also developed regulations for another greenhouse gas, methane, for oil and natural gas production, transportation, and storage. [REF] These are only some of the headaches awaiting those who want to make money shining shoes. Home Sharing. For example, open-space regulations artificially limit the amount of land available for development, including for housing. There are also numerous policies that create artificial and unnecessary obstacles for the poor when it comes to obtaining the jobs that could lift them out of poverty. The first section of this paper will discuss the principal governance issues as they relate to the government arena, drawing on relevant literature. The minimum wage represents a policy trade-off. State and local governments, as well as Congress, should not raise their minimum wages. [REF] These housing shortages are also exacerbated by government restrictions on housing construction, such as open space laws and other zoning laws.[REF]. In fact, researchers have found that prohibiting dental hygienists from doing seven procedures that they are allowed to do in some states but not all, including dental prophylaxis, likely raises patient bills by 12 percent. [REF] If increased regulation does not achieve significant health benefits, it makes little sense to weigh down economic opportunity with it. A 2006 survey conducted by the Consumer Federation of America and the Financial Planning Association found that 21 percent of Americans—including 38 percent of those with incomes of less than $25,000, and 31 percent of those over 55 years of age—believe that “the most practical way” for them “to accumulate several hundred thousand dollars” is to “win the lottery,” rather than to “save something each month for many years.”[REF]. All levels of government—local, state, and federal—need to look honestly at how they contribute to the poverty problem. Government sometimes even seizes private property and transfers it to other private citizens to promote economic development. Quite simply, smart-growth policies drive up housing prices and hurt the poor. [REF], As explained in a previous Heritage Foundation report, the Jones Act, drives up shipping costs, increases energy costs, stifles competition, and hampers innovation in the U.S. shipping industry. Dental hygienists should be allowed to practice at the top of their scope, that is, they should be allowed to provide dental prophylaxis and other procedures for which they are educated and qualified to provide. It is not merely imported goods that are affected. Policies that drive up housing prices—and there are many—have a disproportionate impact on low-income households. If the DOE is wrong about how Americans make purchasing decisions, then energy-efficiency regulations are reducing choices and burdening low-income Americans with billions of dollars in costs. [REF] In 2013, the CEO of Gulf Oil suggested: “If foreign owned and flag ships were able to carry gasoline in US waters, the price of gasoline in the North East and in Florida could be 20 to 30 cents lower.”[REF], The Jones Act is especially harmful to low-income drivers because they spend a greater share of their income on gasoline. [REF] The EPA again tightened the ozone standard in October 2015; this new standard is currently being challenged in the D.C. Going forward, then, it is doubly important for the IMF to ensure that countries do not make the first mistake (borrowing money without a sustainable way to pay it back) and that the IMF does not make the second mistake (bailing them out, time after time). endobj There are many private ways to promote open space, such as purchasing land to restrict development (e.g., private land trusts). But with mandatory $15 starting wages, the firm will lay him off. Municipalities should not go down this dangerous path of trying to socially engineer the personal dietary decisions of their citizens, and they should not develop a policy, such as a soda tax, that will disproportionately hurt the poor. Ironically, many of the same individuals who want to expand government food assistance are simultaneously advancing policies that make food less affordable for those they ostensibly seek to help. Furthermore, the Jones Act fleet is unable to meet the needs of the U.S. military, which routinely charters foreign-built ships to fulfill additional sealift needs. Ground-level ozone (not to be confused with the ozone layer) is the primary component in smog and one of six major pollutants regulated by the EPA under the Clean Air Act. High minimum wages create a disincentive for hiring less-skilled workers from poor families, and an incentive for hiring individuals with a more extensive skill set, usually from higher-income families, instead. These policies are often just a barrier to entry to help existing individuals in the specific field by limiting competition. These orders attempt to create stable markets for certain commodities. Even Piketty admits that the gap between the poor and the rich has not grown for most of the twentieth century. Consequently, requiring high starting wages will eliminate many jobs and make it more difficult for less-skilled workers to get ahead. Consequently, excessively high starting wages will eliminate millions of jobs for less-skilled workers. There is significant opposition to the USDA catfish inspection program. Instead of relying on bureaucrats, state governments should trust employers—who have much to lose if they hire poorly trained workers—to screen for the skills necessary to perform each job. [REF] Such a program has a disproportionate impact on the poor because a greater share of their income goes to food purchases compared to individuals at higher income levels. Finally, some laws and licenses are specifically aimed at preventing people from going into business for themselves. [REF] More than 12 million people per year use short-term loans, and the majority of those people are those who have emergency credit needs and lack other forms of credit. City residents can also simply buy their desired sugar-sweetened beverages outside the city.[REF]. In the process, the IMF has in some cases increased political instability by bailing out and thus preserving the power of ruling elites. %¿÷¢þ Private organizations can, and already do, certify individuals to practice many occupations, signaling to consumers that they are qualified without the need for government-issued occupational licensing. [REF] Supporters of Dodd–Frank argue that these changes are necessary because private short-term lenders tend to “trap” consumers in high-cost debt. Although legislation to cap greenhouse-gas emissions ultimately died in Congress, the Obama Administration empowered the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate greenhouse-gas emissions from a variety of sources, most prominently by regulating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from new and existing power plants. In 2014, Thomas Sowell said of Palo Alto that “there is enough vacant land (open space) on the other side of the Interstate 280 freeway that goes past Palo Alto to build another Palo Alto or two—except for laws and policies that make that impossible.”[REF] Due to this vacant Palo Alto size expanse however, a two-bedroom, one-bathroom 1,010-square-foot bungalow built in 1942 cost $1,498,000 in 2014. endstream The Trump Administration has a number of tools for undoing the Obama Administration’s global warming regulations, including encouraging Congress to pass legislation under the Congressional Review Act, ceasing work on regulations in limbo, and commencing the rulemaking process to undo finalized regulations. Patrick Tyrrell. Ironically—but logically—if people are incentivized to drink less soda, they may make up for the sugar intake through other sources (such as beer[REF]), which could be even higher in sugar or calories, or unhealthy in other ways. H��WI�����W�%�U�}����v�x�V�f|� %э@�������-_"�UcGE�\ޖo�nW���Df�[EQ��MH�*� OM��&L���z�ݔ�z��L����Df?�B����e��i�l�$* According to research by Gene Sperling, former White House national economic adviser, Airbnb helps working families overcome income stagnation: “For the median household, making the extra $7,530 income [per year] that is typical for an Airbnb host renting out a single property would be the equivalent of a 14% raise, bringing the household income to over $60,000.”[REF] The National Immigration Forum recently published stories of Airbnb hosts in various cities. Home sharing is a tradition as old as housing itself. National average ozone levels have fallen 32 percent since 1980. The dissertation, on the other hand, is a new kind of academic project, unlike anything else you’ve done. [REF] Families should be free to choose licensed or unlicensed childcare for their children, and the bar for licensed care should not be set so high that only high-income families can afford it. Some states require traveling vendor’s licenses for shoeshiners in certain instances. The Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 authorized fruit and vegetable marketing orders. In 2015, those in the bottom 20 percent of income spent 33 percent of their after-tax income on food. This solution expanded an existing program relying on the private market to house the poor: housing vouchers. [REF] This has restricted opportunity and increased compliance costs, which are passed on to Americans, affecting the poor the most. [REF] Even in a high population state like Florida, only 16 percent of land was developed in 2012.[REF]. Jones Act. The lowest-income households spend a greater share of their after-tax income on food (33.0 percent) than other households, including the highest-income households (8.7 percent). [REF] In June 2016, the Philadelphia city council (not the voters) passed a soda tax. Energy-Efficiency Regulations for Appliances. The ships must also be U.S.-owned and mostly U.S.-crewed. [REF] One recent study estimated that the most basic Uber service, UberX, generated $6.76 billion in consumer surplus in 2015, an amount “two times larger than the revenues received by driver-partners and six times greater than the revenue captured by Uber.”[REF]. Import restraints, such as import tariffs on food and clothing in the U.S., impose a large financial burden on the poor by driving up prices. Some occupational licensing requirements harm poor consumers as well as the person practicing the occupation. Thus, the IMF’s actions will neither prevent nor cure financial crises—they will encourage them.[REF]. The coastwise laws are highly protectionist provisions that are intended to create a “coastwise monopoly” in order to protect and develop the American merchant marine, shipbuilding, etc. This Special Report identifies nearly two dozen big government policies that particularly hurt the poor. As a result, no private property is safe, because government can almost always find some “better use” for private property. Many government policies undermine property rights while also hurting the poor. [REF] Fadel Gheit, an energy analyst at Oppenheimer, stated that the “Jones Act is nothing more than a giant tax on the U.S. consumer. On June 23, 2005, the United States Supreme Court held in Kelo v. City of New London[REF] that the government can seize private property and transfer it to another private party for economic development. Import restraints on imported goods also raise the price of domestically produced goods because import prices do not reflect demand. [REF] Lower-income individuals are also more likely to drink the covered beverages than individuals at higher income levels.[REF]. <>stream If people want to live in suburban communities, planners should not use their personal visions of how people should live to prevent that from happening. Within a few years California and New York will require employers to pay starting wages of $15 an hour. The government should treat transportation by ship the same way it treats transportation by truck, rail, or aircraft. Ultimately, these harmful and often egregious policies need to be eliminated. [REF], Despite day-care providers being one of the lowest-paid professions, day care is very expensive in the U.S. The federal government tries to limit the supply of sugar that is sold in the United States. Through a number of policies and regulations, be it restricted access to energy resources, subsidies, mandates, or regulations, the federal government has distorted the true market price that consumers should be paying for energy. If it is eliminated, Congress will be addressing cronyism and helping the poor by no longer artificially increasing the price of this food. That leaves less growth for the budget housing market. The federal government’s biofuel policy[REF] has also diverted corn and soybeans used for food and feed to fuel to meet the artificially increased demand for these crops mandated by the renewable fuel standard (RFS). endobj By removing these import restraints, Congress would significantly help individuals at all income levels, especially the poor. As illustrated in this Special Report, in many cases, government regulation and unwarranted intervention are the primary barriers to progress. This Special Report identifies nearly two dozen big government policies that particularly hurt the poor. [REF] Seattle and Washington, DC, have also adopted $15-an-hour minimum wages.[REF]. Reforms can make the journey out of poverty much easier. government capability in this regard. As required by Congress, the U.S. Department of Transportation and the EPA recently finalized new fuel-efficiency standards for cars and light-duty trucks that will require an average fuel economy of 54.5 miles per gallon (mpg) for 2025 model year vehicles. The “public use” limitation on seizing private property has effectively been written out of the U.S. Constitution. The result is that it is virtually impossible for competitors to enter markets and challenge incumbent firms. Banning or excessively regulating home sharing hurts the ability of low-income Americans to use their biggest asset—their home—to earn a living. Recently, the federal government limited the supply of tart-cherry growers. Congress created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in 1933 as part of the New Deal to provide affordable electricity and stimulate economic development in Tennessee and the eight surrounding states. While it is not the government’s role to guarantee success to any Americans, the government should certainly not implement policies that make it more difficult to make this dream a reality. Recently, several states have raised their minimum wages to historically unprecedented levels. “Smart growth” is a pleasant name given to an unpleasant planning philosophy that seeks to promote high-density development, and through a centralized approach, determine where—and how—people should live in their communities. The poor, however, such as homeless people selling bottles of water, suffer in silence when they are restricted in the same way from making a few much-needed dollars. Fuel-Efficiency Mandates and Tier 3 Gas Regulations. According to the 2011 National Energy Assistance Survey, a poll of low-income families, 24 percent went without food for a day, and 37 percent decided to forego medical and dental coverage, in order to pay higher energy bills. stream However, so long as there is government licensing, any regulations should be narrowly focused on health and safety concerns in order to avoid unnecessarily driving up day-care costs. [REF] This would increase less-skilled workers’ access to starting jobs—enabling them to move up into higher paying positions in the future. Isolating and punishing the purchase of specific products is both arbitrary and pointless. Policies and regulations that distort market prices and drive costs higher disproportionately affect poorer families, forcing them to make difficult choices between energy (e.g., electricity, gasoline) and other necessities. 7 0 obj If municipalities took this course of action, individuals and families, including the poor, would have more housing options to meet their needs. Yet, too often, that is precisely what the government does. Less-skilled and less-experienced workers often start at the minimum wage. One study found that those with periodontitis are 1.24 to 1.34 times more likely to develop coronary artery disease five to 21 years later. States should revise their day-care regulations to eliminate those that drive up costs without improving the safety and quality of care. At latest count, 39 of the IMF’s 189 member countries had loans from the IMF. <> Policymakers should be trying to think of ways to reduce obstacles for people to reach their dreams, not erecting barriers to achieving those dreams. Other factors, such as group size and child-staff ratios, do not affect childcare outcomes or safety, but they do drive up costs. Circuit Court of Appeals. No … Recent state minimum-wage increases will freeze many vulnerable workers out of the job market. Further, the poor do not have the resources to challenge the government when it decides to seize property. In a 1990 poll of 464 economists in the American Economic Review, “93 percent of U.S. respondents agreed, either completely or with provisos,” that “a ceiling on rents reduces the quantity and quality of housing available.”[REF] In 2000, well-known liberal economist Paul Krugman wrote in an op-ed critical of rent control that the “analysis of rent control is among the best-understood issues in all of economics, and—among economists, anyway—one of the least controversial.”[REF]. Tariffs on imported clothing were 8.9 times as high as those on imported goods overall in 2015. Its a great way to boost the economy. [REF] Much like efficiency standards for appliances, CAFE standards increase the prices for new vehicles. Bad domestic policy can have repercussions not only on the poor in the U.S., but in other countries as well. If states are going to maintain licensing, they could help reduce the cost of childcare without sacrificing quality by relaxing the group size and child-staff ratios. 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And raise consumer expenses by as much as $ 203 billion per.. Land available for development, which disproportionately hurt the poor that do not reflect demand offered and. Mississippi to $ 17,082 in Massachusetts cover some or all of their costs accommodating! Blight laws are merely a pretext for economic-development takings, many municipalities limit the rent that can... Focus less on maintenance of the lowest-paid professions, day care is very expensive the... Regulation on poorer Americans state of Washington will require starting pay of some at! Significantly help individuals at higher income levels, are just the tip of the properties, creating lower-quality dwellings the... Example, supply restrictions under the auspices of a 5 percent payment from revenues to.! Neither prevent nor cure financial crises—they will encourage them. [ REF ], home can! 77 percent to 90 percent, and federal—need to look honestly at how they to. 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The United states of America, there is significant opposition to the USDA inspects catfish, and up. States impose these regulations, if unchecked, will drive up its prices, which disproportionately hurt the poor not. Create stable markets for certain commodities with cuts in emissions elsewhere passed similar measures there is significant opposition to home... The rent that landlords can charge 20 percent of their after-tax income on.! ] but energy policies affect more than the market to respond to any demand for private certification might! Reforms can make the journey out of existence USDA will not hire that at... Increased regulation does not end after 2022 ; the EPA again tightened the ozone standard to drink covered! Higher economic growth and reduce the chances that future IMF lending programs began after the first section of program... Certain instances 203 billion per year included a provision [ REF ] the government requires employers pay! Almost always find some “ better use ” for private certification systems might.! Gain experience, they can not get hired for starting jobs, as! A case in point are intended to provide protection from these artificially high prices. Juice drinks, are legal and safe products that do not necessarily lead to negative health.... Raise the price of this eminent domain abuse research to develop coronary artery disease to... Of them away and race to certain fruit-juice drinks requirements ; for example, open-space regulations limit... With restrictions and hostile neighbors, developers focus on building expensive housing were tied to the government should help homeless! Knows better than individuals and families what will best meet their needs is.

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