louis riel writings coursework

Without a productive course of action, Riel began to engage in obsessive prayer, and was experiencing a significant relapse of his mental agitations. Riel then asked him if he might speak. Among the texts for this course, to be supplemented with samples of Riel's own writings and essays on nationalism, ... Riel, Louis. [28] The socialist[29] provisional government established by Louis Riel published its own newspaper titled New Nation and established the Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia to pass laws. [43] The party departed 4 June, and arrived back at Batoche on 5 July. Historians have debated the Riel case so often and so passionately that he is the most written-about person in all of Canadian history. [3] The provisional government established by Riel ultimately negotiated the terms under which the modern province of Manitoba entered the Canadian Confederation. I do not wish that to be repeated in America.[64]. His insanity was ignored and he was made a folk hero by the Francophones, the Catholic nationalists, the native rights movement, and the New Left student movement. "'Hero of the Half-Breed Rebellion': Gabriel Dumont and Late Victorian Military Masculinity. "The 1885 Northwest Resistance: Causes to the Conflict.". Source: Louis Riel, « 3-156 Les Métis du Nord-Ouest. The die was cast for a violent outcome, and the North-West Rebellion was begun in earnest. In spite of the multitude of critical notes attached to each text, the editors, among whom are Professors Thomas Flanagan and Gilles Martel, two of the leading scholarly authorities on Riel, fall into a trap. [73], Before his execution, Riel was reconciled with the Catholic Church, and assigned Father André as his spiritual advisor. [83] Bill C-297 to revoke the conviction of Louis Riel was introduced to the House of Commons 21 October and 22 November 1996, however the motion lacked unanimous consent from the House and was dropped. A fourth volume presents a large body of his poetry, an aspect of the Métis leader’s life perhaps unfamiliar to any but Riel specialists. Louis Riel's pulse ceased four minutes after the trap-door fell and during that time the rope around his neck slowly strangled and choked him to death. He brought a suit against a Democrat for rigging a vote, but was then himself accused of fraudulently inducing British subjects to take part in the election. Louis David Riel (/ ˈ l uː i r i ˈ ɛ l /; French: ; 22 October 1844 – 16 November 1885) was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political leader of the Métis people of the Canadian Prairies. In the final analysis, however, the editors of the Riel Project are to be thanked for their monumental efforts in collecting, classifying, and annotating this mass of diverse material. ", Flanagan, Thomas. He took more and more about his "divine revelations". [3] Riel delivered two long speeches during his trial, defending his own actions and affirming the rights of the Métis people. Also, in response to bribes by territorial lieutenant-governor and Indian commissioner Edgar Dewdney,[58] local English-language newspapers adopted an editorial stance critical of Riel. A 1968 Episode of the TV Series The Virginian (S07E05 – The Wind of Outrage, Episode 180), appears to be a vignette of Louis Riel, as the story represents his circumstances in Montana in 1884 pretty closely, while also depicting a fictional version of his reasons for returning to Canada from exile. This opened the door for Mackenzie to secure from parliament an amnesty for Riel, on the condition that he remain in exile for five years.[7]. Riel answered "Yes." It is precisely at this point, however, that this collection of Riel’s writings falls short of its objectives. ... although in public he professed that his sole aim was the redress of the Métis grievances, and private he was quite ready to promise that if the government made him a satisfactory personal payment of a few thousand dollars he would induce his credulous followers to accept almost any settlement the federal authorities desired, and would quietly leave Canada forever.[60]. Several individuals closely tied to the government requested that the trial be held in Winnipeg in July 1885. After much outcry (especially from the Métis community) that the statue was an undignified misrepresentation, the statue was removed and placed at the Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface. Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion and Darren Prefontaine. "Non Compos Mentis: A Meta-Historical Survey of the Historiographic Narratives of Louis Riel's 'Insanity'", BRUYNEEL, KEVIN. The Seattle-based Indie rock band Grand Archives also wrote a song entitled "Louis Riel" that appears on their 2008 self-titled album. 85/10-11 », dans The Collected Writings of Louis Riel / Les écrits complets de Louis Riel, édité par George Stanley, Raymond Huel, Gilles Martel, Glen Campbell, Thomas Flanagan et C. Rocan, vol. The Métis did not possess title to their land, which was in any case laid out according to the seigneurial system rather than in English-style square lots. The trial and execution of Riel caused a bitter and prolonged reaction which convulsed Canadian politics for decades. [16], The majority population of the Red River had historically been Métis and First Nation people. Format: Book Change ). [96] However the bishops lost their influence during the Quiet Revolution, and activists in Québec found in Riel the perfect hero, with the image now of a freedom fighter who stood up for his people against an oppressive government in the face of widespread racist bigotry. In 2001, Canadian sketch comedy troupe Royal Canadian Air Farce featured Riel in its send-up of the CBC documentary series Canada: A People's History. Much of the settlement came to accept the Métis point of view, but a passionately pro-Canadian minority began organizing in opposition. If I could have any influence in the new world it would be to help in that way, even if it takes 200 years to become practical ... so my children's children can shake hands with the Protestants of the new world in a friendly manner. At first sight, text 2-004 appears to be a meandering commentary on the marriage laws of the Old Testament. Billy Childish wrote a song entitled "Louis Riel", which was performed by Thee Headcoats. Riel also intended to use the new position of influence to pursue his own land claims in Manitoba. "Nationalism and Visual Media in Canada: The Case of Thomas Scott's Execution. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. 0-88864-091-9. [5] While a fugitive, he was elected three times to the House of Commons of Canada, although he never assumed his seat. W. L. Morton says of the execution: [It] gave rise to a bitter and prolonged reaction which convulsed the course of national politics for the next decade. His ungovernable rages, delusions of grandeur, messianic claims, and dictatorial impulses had all become more extreme; but these violent excesses were not the only symptoms of his curious mental and moral decline. Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald ordered the trial to be convened in Regina, where Riel was tried before a jury of six English and Scottish Protestants, all from the area surrounding the city. Although not affiliated with the Saskatoon Exhibition, for years Louis Riel Day was scheduled for the day before the start of the fair, and as such came to be considered the Exhibition's unofficial kick-off (the scheduling of the two events was separated in later years). A Fair Country: Telling Truths about Canada. Riel had counted on the Canadian government being unable to effectively respond to another uprising in the distant North-West Territories, thereby forcing them to accept political negotiation. [86] Bill C-417[87] or the Louis Riel Act which also had a first reading in parliament to revoke the conviction of Louis Riel, and establish 15 July as Louis Riel Day was tabled. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Please direct all inquiries to [email protected]. It was replaced in 1994 with a statue of Louis Riel designed by Miguel Joyal depicting Riel as a dignified statesman. [77], Riel remains controversial. The collection, he declares, “provides the source materials for scholar and layman alike, indeed for any person interested in the history of the Canadian West and in the relations of the native peoples with the various levels of government.” (I, xxxii) From the inception of the project, the editors agreed that they would not write a biography of Riel; rather, their efforts were directed to “producing a source book that subsequent students of Riel could rely upon as providing them with access to everything Riel wrote that is still extant.” (V, 3) From these, the editors hope, “the student and the merely curious alike can draft their own biography of Louis Riel and arrive at their own conclusions, their own assessment of Riel’s place in Canadian history.” (I, xxxii) The intention of this lavishly-subsidized edition of Riel’s writings is thus the very laudable one of rendering the Métis leader accessible to students and to the general reader, not simply to the initiated specialist. George F. G. Stanley, General Editor. ), CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal, The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples, "University of Manitoba : Archives & Special Collections. The Métis were likewise obliged to give up the hunt and take up agriculture—but this transition was accompanied by complex issues surrounding land claims similar to those that had previously arisen in Manitoba. The character Louis Boissevain is played by Ricardo Montalbán. History clearly shows that Prime Minister Macdonald created the Province of Manitoba essentially despite Louis Riel, certainly not according to Louis Riel’s wishes – although a number of expedient concessions were made (at least provisionally). Stanley, rʹedacteur en chef. A few years ago, I read a book by Ismène Toussaint called Louis Riel: Journaux de guerre et de prison. "The Charismatic Pattern: Canada's Riel Rebellion of 1885 as a Millenarian Protest Movement,", Morton, Desmond. Riel made his way to Montreal and, fearing arrest or assassination, vacillated as to whether he should attempt to take up his seat in the House of Commons—Edward Blake, the Premier of Ontario, had announced a bounty of $5,000 for his arrest. An English translation/adaptation was published in 1930 : A Martyr's Folly (Toronto, The Macmillan Company), and a new version in 1954, The Half-Breed (New York, The Macaulay Compagny). However, a solution was forthcoming when, acting on his own initiative, the Governor General Lord Dufferin commuted Lépine's sentence in January 1875. In Ontario it had been demanded and applauded by the Orange element as the punishment of treason and a vindication of loyalty. During these years, he was frustrated by having to remain in exile despite his growing belief that he was a divinely chosen leader and prophet, a belief which would later resurface and influence his actions. 278-294, aux pages 278-279. However, she decided that she would be unsuited to prairie life, and their correspondence soon ended. Some historians contend that the trial was moved to Regina because of concerns with the possibility of an ethnically mixed and sympathetic jury. But then again, glossing over all the bad details and elaborating on a romantic (albeit false) ideal is a standard part of rewriting history. [124], An episode of the TV-series How the West Was Won from 1979 was named L'Affaire Riel, featuring Louis Riel while in exile in the United States.[125]. Riel's worst fears were realised—following the failed rebellion, the French language and Roman Catholic religion faced increasing marginalisation in both Saskatchewan and Manitoba, as exemplified by the controversy surrounding the Manitoba Schools Question. "Historiographical introduction" ch 1 of Sprague, This page was last edited on 11 August 2020, at 07:59. At age 13 he came to the attention of Alexandre Taché, the Suffragan Bishop of St. Boniface, who was eagerly promoting the priesthood for talented young Métis. It ended in his arrest and conviction for high treason. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. The settlement now faced a possible threat, from cross-border Fenian raids coordinated by his former associate William Bernard O'Donoghue. Impoverished by the death of his father, Riel took employment as a law clerk in the Montreal office of Rodolphe Laflamme. For example, conservative Ontario strongly supported Riel's execution, but Quebec was vehemently opposed to it. The unveiling ceremony was on 16 May 1996, in Winnipeg. Louis Riel’s fantasy, which was clearly expressed in his writings, was that the area of Manitoba might become a haven of peace and harmony for people from all over the world – a typical fantasy among deranged individuals such as modern liberals. It can be hoped only that the value of this collection will be seen, not merely at the level of Western Canadian or native history, but in the context of intellectual, religious, and cultural history, where Riel’s personality and ideas deserve further attention and critical scrutiny. Although only a few hundred people were directly affected by the Rebellion in Saskatchewan, the long-term result was that the Prairie provinces would be controlled by the Anglophones, not the Francophones. But by the 1880s, it had become clear that westward migration was no panacea for the troubles of the Métis and the plains Indians. The Riels were noted for their devout Catholicism and strong family ties. Riel's motivations have been the cause of much speculation, but his own justification was that he felt it necessary to demonstrate to the Canadians that the Métis must be taken seriously. Ottawa used the new rail lines to send in thousands of combat soldiers. On 6 November, Riel invited Anglophones to attend a convention alongside Métis representatives to discuss a course of action, and on 1 December he proposed to this convention a list of rights to be demanded as a condition of union. Flanagan emphasizes that Riel exemplified the tradition of religious mystics involved in politics, especially those with a sense that the world was about to be totally transformed by their religious vision. Companies of armed horsemen were raised, including one led by Riel. [7] During this time he was involved in a failed romance with a young woman named Marie–Julie Guernon. Moreover, settlers from Europe and the eastern provinces were also moving into the Saskatchewan territories, and they too had complaints related to the administration of the territories. Modern biographers have speculated that he may have suffered from the psychological condition megalomania. As Riel's religious pronouncements became increasingly heretical the clergy distanced themselves, and father Alexis André cautioned Riel against mixing religion and politics. In 1884 Riel was called upon by the Métis leaders in Saskatchewan to articulate their grievances to the Canadian government. The outcome of the ensuing Battle of Batoche which took place from 9 to 12 May[68] was never in doubt, and on 15 May a disheveled Riel surrendered to Canadian forces. Although they initially met with legal difficulties arising from the execution of Scott, they soon entered into direct talks with Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier. [81] The unsuccessful bill was widely perceived in English Canada as an attempt to arouse support for Quebec nationalism before the 1995 referendum on Quebec sovereignty. Riel's execution and Macdonald's refusal to commute his sentence caused lasting discord in Quebec, and led to a fundamental alteration in the Canadian political order. Unlike the statues and busts of his Victorian contemporaries, which exude the cherished values of stability and respectability, that of the Metis founder of Manitoba immediately and insistently assaults late twentieth century visitors with the realization that they stand in the presence of a man who can be comprehended only with great difficulty. Three volumes contain Riel’s speeches, memoranda, correspondence, diaries, and notes written between 1861, when he was a seventeen-year-old college student in Montreal, and his execution for high treason in the Mounted Police Barracks in Regina in 1885. Virtually all parties therefore had grievances, and by 1884 English settlers, Anglo-Métis and Métis communities were holding meetings and petitioning a largely unresponsive government for redress. The execution was both supported and opposed by the provinces. When Archibald reviewed the troops in St. Boniface, he made the significant gesture of publicly shaking Riel's hand, signaling that a rapprochement had been affected. So people can be forgiven for faithfully believing that Louis Riel was a really, really great guy. Louis Riel was hanged for treason on 16 November 1885 at the North-West Mounted Police barracks in Regina. Of course, this fantasy was squarely in opposition to the establishment of British Canadian rule in Manitoba. On 12 December 1886, his remains were laid in the churchyard of the Saint-Boniface Cathedral following the celebration of a requiem mass. Father André advised him not to do so. At his court martial he was found guilty and was sentenced to death. I personally object to the identification of Louis Riel as the “Father of Manitoba” for two reasons. I do not wish those evils which exist in Europe to be continued, as much as I can influence it, among the (Metis). In his case it meant his delivering the Métis from colonial domination. Allow me to be clear on something: I am completely in favor of the fact that a British Canadian regime was established in Manitoba. ", Thistle, Jesse. ISBN. It will now fall on the third Monday of February each year in the Province of Manitoba.[90]. [44] His mental state deteriorated, and following a violent outburst he was taken to Montreal, where he was under the care of his uncle, John Lee, for a few months. Smith assured large audiences of the Government's goodwill in meetings on 19 and 20 January, leading Riel to propose the formation of a new convention split evenly between French and English settlers to consider Smith's instructions. On 18 March it became known that the North-West Mounted Police garrison at Battleford was being reinforced. On 26 September 2007, Manitoba legislature passed a bill establishing a statutory holiday on the third Monday in February as Louis Riel Day, the same day some other provinces celebrate Family Day, beginning in 2008. 3, Edmonton, The University of Alberta Press pp. Following the execution, Riel's body was returned to his mother's home in St. Vital, where it lay in state. MSS C555/2/13.7d", "Jackson, William Henry to Friend? Boulton was tried by a tribunal headed by Ambroise-Dydime Lépine and sentenced to death for his interference with the provisional government. What, in fact, are we to make of a lengthy document that Riel wrote from the asylum at Beauport sometime between 1876 and 1878? It was here that he received news of Lépine's fate: following his trial for the murder of Scott, which had begun on 13 October 1874, Lépine was found guilty and sentenced to death. Over the decades, he has been made a folk hero by Francophones, Catholic nationalists, native rights activists, and the New Left student movement. He was also given writing materials so that he could employ his time in prison to write a book. In 1858 Taché arranged for Riel to attend the Petit Séminaire of the Collège de Montréal, under the direction of the Sulpician order. Protestant Canada did take notice, swore revenge, and set up a "Canada First" movement to mobilize their anger.[34][35]. Because of this new religious conviction, Catholic leaders who had supported him before increasingly repudiated him. Riel became the leader of this faction, but he lost the support of almost all Anglophones and Anglo-Métis, the Catholic Church, and the great majority of Indians. [10] Sayer's eventual release due to agitations by Louis Sr.'s group effectively ended the monopoly, and the name Riel was therefore well known in the Red River area. From the late 1960s until the early 1990s, the city of Saskatoon hosted "Louis Riel Day", a summer celebration that included a relay race that combined running, backpack carrying, canoeing, hill climbing, and horseback riding along the South Saskatchewan River in the city's downtown core. [79] In Quebec, Honoré Mercier[80] exploited the discontent to reconstitute the Parti National. He returned for a time to Keeseville, where he became involved in a passionate romance with Evelina Martin dite Barnabé,[28] sister of his friend, the oblate father Fabien Barnabé. [14] This progressed to the point of Riel having signed a contract of marriage, but his fiancée's family opposed her involvement with a Métis, and the engagement was soon broken. [92][93] By the mid-20th century academic historians had dropped the theme of savagery versus civilization, deemphasized the Métis, and focused on Riel, presenting his execution as a major cause of the bitter division in Canada along ethnocultural and geographical lines of religion and language. [45] While he suffered from sporadic irrational outbursts, he continued his religious writing, composing theological tracts with an admixture of Christian and Judaic ideas. It was not until 2 September 1870 that the new lieutenant-governor Adams George Archibald arrived and set about the establishment of civil government. On 22 October 2003, the Canadian news channel CBC Newsworld and its French-language equivalent, Réseau de l'information, staged a simulated retrial of Riel. [88], On 18 February 2008, the province of Manitoba officially recognized the first Louis Riel Day as a general provincial holiday. Second, Louis Riel was clearly a mentally deranged religious fanatic – not exactly a fitting character to be considered the “father” of anything. ( Log Out /  ", Bumstead, J. M. "The 'Mahdi' of Western Canada: Lewis Riel and His Papers,", Dick, Lyle. University of Alberta Press, 1985. The student centre and campus pub at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon are named after Riel (Place Riel and Louis', respectively). The delegates representing the provisional government departed for Ottawa in March. The RCMP Heritage Centre, in Regina, opened in May 2007. Riel formed a council called the Exovedate[66] (a neologism meaning "those who have left the flock"), and sent representatives to court Poundmaker and Big Bear. On 7 February, a new list of rights was presented to the Ottawa delegation, and Smith and Riel agreed to send representatives to Ottawa to engage in direct negotiations on that basis. He also lost the support of the Métis faction supporting local leader Charles Nolin. Indeed, the very size of Riel’s written record places him on a footing with his more famous Victorian contemporary William Ewart Gladstone. First, if Louis Riel was the “Father of Manitoba”, it was only in an indirect manner. Boulton writes in his memoirs that, as the date of his execution approached, Riel regretted his opposition to the defence of insanity and vainly attempted to provide evidence that he was not sane. – 1840–1896", "Smith, Donald Alexander, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal", https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/topia.30-31.319?journalCode=topia, https://www.gov.mb.ca/inr/resources/the-legislative-assembly-of-assiniboia.html, "Appendix 5C: Métis Nation Land and Resource Rights*", "PL-1553 Wolseley Expedition—Province of Manitoba | General Page", "MHS Transactions: Adams George Archibald, First Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba", "Louis Riel (1844–1885): Biography Louis Riel, Métis leader", "House of Commons Procedure and Practice The House of Commons and Its Members – Notes 351–373", "Was Riel mentally ill? [115][116], In 1925, the French writer Maurice Constantin-Weyer who lived 10 years in Manitoba published in French a fictionalized biography of Louis Riel titled La Bourrasque. Also on the basis of a public poll, the CBC's Greatest Canadian project ranked Riel as the 11th "Greatest Canadian". The first resistance led by Riel became known as the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870. Formally, Riel had to sign a register book at least once upon being elected, and he did so under disguise in late January. Schultz, however, attracted approximately fifty recruits and fortified his house and store. The arrival of the expedition on 20 August marked the effective end of the Red River Rebellion. His sense of direction was confused in his purposes were equivocal. ( Log Out /  [104] One of the Winnipeg statues, the work of architect Étienne Gaboury and sculptor Marcien Lemay, depicts Riel as a naked and tortured figure. Saskatchewan did not attain provincehood until 1905. This book contains writings of Louis Riel from the time of the Northwest Rebellion in 1885 and from his subsequent incarceration. [98] John Foster said in 1985 that: the interpretive drift of the last half-century ... has witnessed increasingly shrill though frequently uncritical condemnations of Canadian government culpability and equally uncritical identification with the "victimization" of the "innocent" Métis.[99]. Through his writings, Louis Riel himself confronts and challenges the ostensibly value-neutral, but in fact highly-charged approach, of the editors of the Riel Project. [39] Without an amnesty, and with the Canadian militia beating and intimidating his sympathisers, Riel fled to the safety of the St. Joseph's mission across the Canada–US border in the Dakota Territory. That so much of this material has survived creates an exhausting experience but a pleasant realization for the historian. Examples in Winnipeg include the landmark Esplanade Riel pedestrian bridge linking Old Saint-Boniface with Winnipeg, the Louis Riel School Division, Louis Riel Avenue in Old Saint-Boniface, and Riel Avenue in St. Vital's Minnetonka neighbourhood (which is sometimes called Riel). In conclusion, I will say this: shove your Louis Riel Day where the sun don’t shine. Louis David Riel (/ˈluːi riˈɛl/; French: [lwi ʁjɛl]; 22 October 1844 – 16 November 1885) was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political leader of the Métis people of the Canadian Prairies. The lack of such a balance of text and context ensures, ironically, that Riel remains, despite the good intentions of the editors, accessible only to the initiated specialist. [82] [42] Famously, Riel was the only Member of Parliament who was not present for the great Pacific Scandal debate of 1873 that led to the resignation of the Macdonald government in November. [112][113][114] The Métis brought his body to his mother's home, now the Riel House National Historic Site, and then interred at the St. Boniface Basilica in Manitoba, his birthplace, for burial. He then received the kiss of peace from both the priests, and Father André exclaimed in French, "Alors, allez au ciel!" Held in January 1874 a possible threat, from cross-border Fenian raids coordinated by his messianic delusions, [ ]. Celebrated on 18 March it became known as the `` Father of Manitoba entered the Canadian government prairie life and! Allegations that his religious beliefs were as irrational as was being ( continue... Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account do not wish that to be a meandering on. Survived creates an exhausting experience but a pleasant realization for the care of ’! 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Precisely at this point, however, she decided that she would be unsuited prairie! Cast for a retrial and an obstacle to the expansion of Canada to the West, hoping that she follow... Riel: Icon of the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870 Riel awaited news from Ottawa he considered returning to,! Company produced and performed the first Louis Riel was the “ Father of Manitoba ”, it was not lucky... Home surrounded, and lasted five days under the direction of the North-West Rebellion 1885! The Half-Breed Rebellion ': Louis Riel in 1998, '', `` do You forgive your! Poll, the North-West Rebellion was begun in earnest and other buildings, 62...

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