how to write an abstract economics essay

Managerial implications of this finding are presented". That it should have been left to such a fate and never established a firm institutional base, itself needs explaining. Perfect Competition | Many | Homogenous | No | Horizontal (perfectly elastic) | MR = MC | I shall try to demonstrate that an explanation of the neglect of CHP/DH requires instead a historical and structural analysis of its context: the energy sector and its broader social and economic role. A handful of heating engineers and a few remaining general engineers questioned the wisdom of the dominant trend and continued to advocate CHP throughout the 1920s and 30s, by lobbying central and local government and through the professional institutions and the press. The paper thus addresses both the apolitical and technocratic character of much energy policy writing, and acontextual accounts developed in certain recent contributions to a ‘new sociology of technology’. II: The 1940s and 1950s Microeconomics is affected by the law of supply and demand which is constantly changing by the purchasing power of the consumers and the availability of products. Privately, its attitude slowly hardened as the implications of CHP stations outside its ownership, or of CHP operation of its own stations, became clear. If you’re thinking of doing the same, you’ll need to check with your professor to see if you must write the elements of your abstract in a specific order. <-gives the reason why the student has chosen to write about this topic, "This essay compares service marketing to product marketing in the industrial sector from the perspective of customer value creation". Support had grown for greater state intervention in the economy, and to provide better living conditions. They were virtually the only examples to which people interested in DH could turn for operating experience and actual costs, while they arguably had permanently to bear the consequences of mistakes in planning. ", "Business-to-business service marketing has received comparatively less attention in the academic literature than business-to-business product marketing; much of the service marketing literature discusses the ways in which services and products are different". Advocates of the technique, frustrated and unable to understand why such an obviously sensible technology has not been taken up with enthusiasm, have often resorted to accusations of a deliberate plot on the part of the energy industries and related sections of government to suppress it. Once again, the chances of the option succeeding, as with other marginal projects, were crucially dependent on the particular terms of appraisal applied, and hence on the detailed financial conditions of the industries’ operation. made so even students in basic principles courses can understand the concepts in simple economic models. It is important to study economics even if you are not a business owner. The history of CHP and DH in Britain falls reasonably neatly into four periods: up to 1940; the 40s and 50s; the 60s and up to the mid 70s; and from the mid 70s onwards. The use of the stations declined in the 20s, particularly when none were ‘selected’ for inclusion in the Central Electricity Board’s national coordinated generation scheme; supply was nonetheless maintained for some years by live steam, and in the case of Bloom Street, for several decades with special heat-only boilers. Thus CHP/DH has been almost entirely written out of histories of the British energy sector. These examples show what an essay abstract would look like: Business management essay abstract example: (total 97 words), Title: "Business-to-business Service Marketing: How does it differ from business-to-business product marketing? These characteristics and relations must in turn be linked to the specific character of the British economy and state. 2 A Guide to Writing in Economics Prepared by Paul Dudenhefer, Writing Tutor, EcoTeach Center and Department of Economics, Duke University Introduction 5 Part I: Writing Itself 1. DH this time was caught up in the manoeuvring of the energy industries over the domestic market, among the competitive advertising, discriminatory tariffs and connection charges, or threats and accusations of such, which as some commentators observed, verged on the absurd and produced irrational results. DH seemed to fit the times: it appealed to architects and local authorities as part of rationally designed services; it offered the higher heating standards being widely advocated; would help combat air pollution; it could alleviate pressing refuse disposal problems; and it promised cheaper heat after poor initial experiences with, for example, electric underfloor heating. The Ministry of Public Buildings and Works gave something of a technical lead and again evaluated DH for new towns; Housing and Local Government responded to demand from local authorities with advice; and Power made favourable noises. The second factor was the changing pattern of the competitively structured domestic energy market – providing commercial incentives largely within the existing organisational structure – and here we find the attitudes and roles of some of the fuel industries markedly changed. Completed in the 60s, it was, as one observer suggested, best ‘regarded as the seizing of a convenient opportunity rather than a typical development’. This essay examines the extant body of business-to-business marketing research and identifies surpluses and shortages with the goal of stimulating future research." Manchester also experimented early on in the suburbs of Blackley and Gorton with central supply of hot washing water, as the provision of ‘working class dwellings’ grew rapidly in the 20s. Thus a joint BEA / Ministry of Fuel and Power working party on CHP which operated from 1952 to 1955 steered completely clear of questions of national potential or policy. [31] The reasons for the resurgence of interests can be found in two developments. That reflects a general tendency in historiography and contemporary depiction to rationalise actual social arrangements as somehow natural and inevitable, and to ignore alternatives which remained undeveloped. With local authorities’ still rather weak planning powers, city centre schemes were crucially dependent on decisions outside their control on major commercial and institutional heat loads. The final report could have been an important stimulus to pursuing the adoption of CHP/DH in a truly national instead of piecemeal programme. The Ministries’ weak support, and all sorts of actions and inactions on their part, contributed to the difficulties of the plans and pioneer schemes – like their lack of technical guidance as the DSIR deliberations dragged on, their refusal to underwrite the ventures, their acceptance in Local Bills of strictly separate accounting, their reluctance to promote general legislative powers, and later cutbacks in the housing programme. Macroeconomics is involved with the wide lens aspect of society. For years the only CHP/DH scheme to which those interested could turn for experience, much studied and visited, Pimlico was actually a continuous headache for the BEA and its successors, committed as it was to a 30-year supply. As the essay develops, you should write down your main ideas as you go along. The resurgence of the technique in Britain had declined by the early 80s. <-considers originality. Its action became consistent though it never declared a firm policy; it treated each proposal ‘on its merits’ – essentially, however, physically and in policy terms as an adjunct to its main activities and strictly without subsidy. If you need to write a paper on economics, our Writing service online will help you. The electricity supply industry again found itself under pressure in this period to consider CHP. The coal and gas industries which had opposed the schemes, anticipating competition in the domestic market, were little affected. On the other hand, government and the electricity industry have taken the line that they have never been opposed to the option, but that its economics has been assessed rationally and that if there is little in existence, that is nonetheless the economically optimum level; particular circumstances in the country must mean that it is unsuitable. The main problems anticipated were in adjusting the mix of ‘four fuels’ to ‘exploit the new opportunities’ of cheap natural gas, oil and nuclear power ‘to the greatest benefit of the country’, and in avoiding social dislocation – particularly from the run-down of the coal industry. It was sometimes dismissive, but on the whole it dutifully, if cautiously and conservatively, considered proposals brought to it from outside. The difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics is analogous to the human body and the individual cell that makes up the human body. Microeconomics is the economic influences that impact at the micro, or firm, rather than macro level. Microeconomics is more of a smaller scale such as an industry while macroeconomics is on a more national level. [25] It was able to depict poor progress on CHP, usually quite legitimately, as a result of poor economics, but ignoring of course the context and difficult conditions surrounding such projects and its own role in setting those. Abstract British technical journals around the turn of the century carried discussion of American experiments in DH and accounts of the early US city steam networks. Economics is an enormous field. A case could have been made that the economics, if itself marginal, was promising for other schemes, and that they had been technically reasonably successful. While some of the earliest initiatives on CHP and DH came from central government, especially from Fuel and Power, its role was characterised by ambivalence – reflecting conflicting interests and opinions within government and among advisers – and a steady retreat from any idea of a strong coordinating role in the sector. They finally began to make some impact through participation in central government advisory bodies, which relied heavily on outside expertise for many subjects, and in acting as consultants to local authorities in their planning for postwar reconstruction. This policy of non-intervention found more open expression after the election of a Conservative government in 1951. It sought to flesh out the vague mandate of the Electricity Act on its own terms: to establish its independence, a pattern of increasingly commercial terms of operation, and freedom from socially defined obligations. Microeconomics offered an interesting, and potentially more useful, perspective on the market because it essentially told us how our individual decisions affect the market. Both the Authority and the controlling Westminster City Council were reluctant to provide operating costs or otherwise discuss its merits in public. Before the study on which this paper is based, no comprehensive account of the history of the option in Britain existed. <-gives the reason why the student has chosen to write about this topic, "The essay focuses on two questions regarding future business-to business marketing. The extent of this reluctance actively to plan and coordinate the sector – indeed antipathy within the permanent bureaucracy – can be seen most clearly in its dilution and avoidance of recommendations in the already ambivalent and inconsistent Ridley report of 1952. Local authorities’ housing programmes in the 20s might also have been expected to provide opportunities for early attempts at networks for space heating. As late as 1957 it evaluated, at first very favourably, a major scheme from Bankside on the south side of the Thames. It will also allow the reader to know what the essay is going to cover and what is being investigated. Microeconomic of Customer Relationships by Fred Reichheld is based on a simple survey based customer-relationship metric. The electricity supply industry ran a couple of industrial heat supply schemes. Physically, the destruction of city centres, slum clearance programmes, and plans for new towns and suburbs, presented opportunities to introduce innovative and improved infrastructure and services. Microeconomics In My Daily Life Writing your essay abstract How to write an essay abstract This page explains how to write an essay abstract including what should be included, and what shouldn't. There was indeed little central government involvement except in cooperating to remove some minor financial and administrative obstacles and tidying up the legislative framework. Many of the multitude of scattered schemes ran into problems, in terms of both technical performance and operating costs and charges, often attributed to limited experience and cost-cutting in design, installation and maintenance. In other words, macroeconomics focuses on the broader large scale economy of a society. By various techniques it is possible to produce reject heat at a temperature useful for space heating or industrial process heating, giving a much higher overall efficiency of conversion and saving fuel over separate production of electricity and heat. Of these about 35 reached the stage of preliminary plans and costings. It is well known that large scale DH with CHP sources is used extensively in other Northern Hemisphere countries, notably in Scandinavia, Eastern Europe and the USSR.Yet in Britain, only a limited number of mostly small heat-only DH schemes are found, and CHP/DH is virtually non-existent. Usually around 100-150 words is allowed, although this limit may be increased to 250 for an extended essay. <-explains the results. Overview on the Reading "The essay is analogous to the widely cited paper by Sheth (1979) that reviewed the state of consumer behavior research and identified areas that had been unexplored or under-explored, and in the process provided an impetus for new research in consumer behavior". Second, what has been the purpose or objective to study business-to-business marketing and what should be the future objective for research?" In advance of government initiatives on CHP and DH, major ambitious proposals were put forward by local authorities, for London – three schemes, for the City, the South Bank, and the north bank area of Pimlico – large new suburbs of Birmingham and Manchester, and the centres of Bristol and Coventry. Between 1956 and 1973 a further 19 authorities obtained DH and electricity generation powers in Local Acts, including the Greater London Council to cover all the outer London Boroughs, and in 1976 the government finally passed general powers superseding these. The Paper as a   Michael J Feller The essay identifies areas of business-to-business marketing research that have received surplus attention and areas that require additional attention." Since local authorities had no general powers for DH or for generating electricity, they had to promote Local Bills in Parliament. Include an explanation of your methods of research. In addition, severe fuel shortages made efficiency in energy use a major concern. Writing Is Thinking 7 2. And we need to focus on several arenas, overlapping and to a great extent containing the same groups and often the same key individuals and variants of the same arguments. For similar and more specific reasons an even stronger determinism operates in accounts of technological developments. The essay abstract also needs to be properly edited for sentence structure and spelling errors. You must cite at least three scholarly sources within the context of your work and cite your references according to APA, Economics is made up of two smaller categories microeconomics, and macroeconomics. I think that what we learned on market economics is the correct way of thinking about human interaction and the functioning of markets. Few further schemes were contemplated in the 50s and 60s, and fewer installed. A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay.It usually comes near the end of your introduction. The long neglect of CHP/DH can be explained neither as the result of a conspiracy among existing energy institutions, nor in terms of an unfavourable but rational assessment of its economic potential. Such a decision never came; indeed the Ministry finally withdrew from active promotion and subsequently deferred to the BEA on the matter. The rate and extent of DH introduction is difficult to estimate, mainly because contemporary accounts often optimistically mixed proposals with actual installations, and little reliable data was produced on the latter. Stung by its experience with Spondon and Pimlico, it saw itself perfectly justified in continuing to insist on strict and demanding economic criteria which it found few schemes could meet. The precarious economics of all the schemes was reflected in marginal political support in the councils as each came up repeatedly for reevaluation. Thus in 1917, St Marylebone Electricity Department in London was supplying the Public Health Committee’s ‘disinfecting baths’ for ‘verminous persons’ with steam from its power station boiler house, the former finding the arrangement ‘remunerative’ and the latter saving itself ‘considerable expense and trouble’. Whilst most dissertations will include an abstract, being asked to write an essay abstract is more rare and usually confined to lengthier/extended essays. It could thus argue that it had discharged its responsibility under a weak and ambiguous provision under its establishing Act to ‘investigate’ CHP. There are valid elements in both views, but, as we shall see, they do no more than scratch the surface. For the coal industry DH barely made a dent in the steady fall in its domestic sales. Abstract Economics is an enormous field. Many plans were cut and some abandoned. But the Dundee experience did not persuade other local councils to follow its lead. I will also apply economic theories into why and how I came to my conclusions. But the single coal fire was the rule, and the one significant example of DH, the exception. Central government showed a reluctance to interfere with BEA plans and negotiations, part of a general retreat from around 1948 from what had been envisaged as an active planning, policy setting and coordinating role. Opponents to match the advocates of the technique in Britain existed the single coal fire was the dominant of... ] the reasons for the resurgence of interests can be found in the interwar years scale such as and... Process remained long and discouraging through a description of perfect competition and monopoly, market |. Repetitive phrases should be its future focus taken out as well as minor.... An essay abstract also needs to be found in the essay is going to found... Any conclusions that are drawn survey based customer-relationship metric framework of analysis albeit. Feasibility studies, and what is being investigated subject matters of microeconomics through the consumer perspective our... Obstacles and tidying up the human body and the individual cell that up! For space heating little to do with the primary concerns of government inquiries in the 50s and 60s and... Been shelved, including those it took as models these characteristics and relations must turn... Ran into criticism as costs escalated, and underwent major revisions in attempt! Business-To-Business marketing and what is being investigated south side of the option and suggests a framework explanation... Support your thesis statement analogous to the BEA remained mildly pessimistic but was prepared to consider CHP business-to-business marketing and! Back and edit your abstract for length and content, in control of new towns, dropped its for... 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