write any two characteristics of ethnocentrism dissertation

We have discussed and presented evidence that socioeconomic status relates to anomie and authoritarianism in a way that people with lower SES are more vulnerable to both anomic dissatisfaction and authoritarian traits. Similarly, we anticipate negative relation between SES and authoritarianism based on the working class authoritarianism theory of Lipset (1959). Results of Structural Equation Modeling showed that SES has direct positive effect on ethnocentrism. For instance, a popular recurring fad is the Michael Jordan shoe, Air Jordans. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was carried out to examine whether socioeconomic status is related to ethnocentrism through anomie and authoritarianism. This is not an example of the work produced by our Essay Writing Service. In addition, Srole (1956) and Scheepers et al., (1990, 1992) believed that anomic situation leaves the person with powerlessness and frustration feeling which such a sphere propels them toward to excessive in-group identification that in one hand leads to authoritarianism and in the other hand provides a good environment for developing the ethnocentrism by such excessive identification. Similarly, anomie mediates the effect of SES on authoritarianism. Authoritarianism scale is a 12-item scale developed and validated based on F-personality scale (Adorno et al., 1950) Right Wing Authoritarianism scale (Altemeyer, 1998) by Heydari et al., (2012). To determine the validity of the translated questionnaire, 40 participants were surveyed and an Alpha coefficient of 0.66 was obtained. Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a university student. Interestingly, the anomie and socioeconomic status have the same effect size on in-group and out-group ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism can lead to cultural misinterpretation and it often distorts communication between human beings. Besides that the mediation effect of the anomie for the relation of socioeconomic status to authoritarianism has been supported and in harmony with the previous findings (Heydari et al., 2012). All work is written to order. Using clustered sampling, five hundred students were selected from ten high schools in Ahvaz city, Iran. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! Research using this scale has shown predictive validity for the scale through its association with socioeconomic status and parental control (Heydari, Teymoori, & Haghish, Submitted). also offered here. Further research confirmed the relation of SES and authoritarianism and showed that authoritarian patterns are more common in lower SES families (Assadi et al., 2007; Floyd & Saitzyk, 1992; Hoff, Laursen, & Tardif, 2002; Lipsitz, 1965; Napier & Jost, 2008). This can be associated with American popular culture as the message with any popular trend tends to be a popularity contest. Table 4. Participants responded the items on a 5-point Likert scale from 5 (strongly agree) to 1 (strongly disagree). They had significant positive association with each other. Navah and Taghavinasab (1387) also showed that SES and relative level of political and economic deprivation that people experience influence ethnocentrism and ethnic divergence in Iran. (2016, Nov 02). R2 is 0.33 for in-group ethnocentrism meaning that 33 percent of the authoritarianism is explained by the research variables and 0.26 for out-group ethnocentrism implying that 26 percent of the out-group ethnocentrism is explained by the socioeconomic status, anomie and authoritarianism. SES was measured by Nabavi et al.’s (2009) Subjective SES Scale which comprises six items. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. *You can also browse our support articles here >. No plagiarism, guaranteed! The items were in Likert format ranging from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high) and the sum of the scores indicate the position of the individual in social structure where higher score implies higher social class and better socioeconomic status. Society members need to adapt to the vast major changes, and a feeling of anomie can be a consequence of lack of adaptation to these major changes. "You must agree to out terms of services and privacy policy", Get to Know The Price Estimate For Your Paper, By clicking “Write my paper”, you agree to our, By clicking “Check Writers’ Offers”, you agree to our, By clicking Send Me Sample you agree on the. There are some indirect effect of socioeconomic status on ethnocentrism via anomie and authoritarianism, another indirect effect of socioeconomic status on authoritarianism via anomie, and lastly the indirect effect of anomie on ethnocentrism via authoritarianism which all of them require further examination. He underlines that working classes are more likely to be authoritarian because they have lower education, reading and knowledge, financial security and they also have lower participation in social activities and political organization. Findings confirmed the proposed conceptual path model which are in harmony with findings from other countries. Ethnocentrism is a broad term introduced by William Graham Sumner (1907/2002) that pertains to having in-group attitudes of superiority as compared to out-groups. This may also be associated with religious and different ethnic groups when one believes that their religion is better than the other based off of their own values and beliefs. In addition, SES also influences parent’s child-rearing practices (Brezina & McCarthy, 2004; Kohn & Schooler, 1969; Miller, Slomczynski, & Schoenberg, 1981; Slomczynski, Miller, & Kohn, 1981; Wright & Wright, 1976; Xiao, 2000). According to Table 1, the mean score of feeling of anomie (Mean = 29.95 and maximum score of scale is 45), authoritarianism (Mean = 34.27 and maximum score of scale is 60), and in-group ethnocentrism (Mean = 18.36 and maximum score of scale is 25) is high. Get Your Custom Essay on Ethnocentrism Definition Just from $13,9/Page. More importantly, the feeling of anomie played a very crucial role here by having very large effect size which the mean of the participants in this construct was very high. The SEM was done in two stages which the measurement model is first confirmed separately and then the full structural model is entered into the analysis. General Mills has a message out there that you get more nutrients from their cereal over any brand. The model hypothesized that the socioeconomic status is related to the in-group and out-group ethnocentrism directly and indirectly being mediated by authoritarianism and anomie. The results of significance of the indirect effects using the bootstrap procedure based on 5000 samples to derive a 95% confidence bias-corrected confidence interval is shown in Table 4. Alpha Cronbach of the items was also given to show the internal consistency of the scales. In fact, authoritarianism is reproduced itself in the context of social class in one hand and through the feeling of anomie on the other which the anomie feeling is itself a product of the social class as well. Anomie has also significant indirect effect on in-group and out-group ethnocentrism via authoritarianism which the total effect size of the exogenous variable on endogenous variable are reported in Table 5. Based on the literature, we advance a model to be examined in a single path analysis as shown in figure 1. The scale measures the individuals’ perception about their socioeconomic status and social class (Nabavi, Hosseinzade, & Hosseini, 2009/1387), and has been applied to other researches in Iran (Hagish, Heydari, Pfuhl, Biegler, & Teymoori, 2012, In press; Heydari, Teymoori, & Nasiri, In press; Heydari et al., 2012) as well. Previous studies reported the significant association of socioeconomic status with anomie (Carr & Hauser, 1976; Heydari, Teymoori, & Nasiri, In press; Heydari et al., 2012; Lee & Clyde, 1974; Menard, 1995; Rushing, 1971; Teevan Jr, 1975) which is completely akin with the result of the current study. For example, Scheepers, Felling, and Peters (1992) reported a negative correlation between SES and ethnocentrism. Many claim that ethnocentrism occurs in every society. Table 5: Direct, Indirect and Total effects of Latent Exogenous Variables on in-group and out-group ethnocentrism and authoritarianism. Similar result between anomie and SES has been reported in other studies (Bell, 1957; Heydari, 2010; Lee & Clyde, 1974; Menard, 1995; Mizruchi, 1960; Rushing, 1971; Teevan, 1975). Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? A sample of 500 high-school students, who were chosen by the cluster method of sampling from ten high schools of Ahvaz, Iran were required to fill out the questionnaires whose participations were voluntary as well. 1st Jan 1970 Similarly, insecure parent-child attachment which is also more common in lower SES families promotes authoritarian traits in children (Oesterreich, 2005; Roccato, 2008; Weber & Federico, 2007). Are ethnocentric values reflected in mass media? Figure 1. For example, Kurds are living in the western provinces, Baluchis in the east, Turks in the northwest, Arabs in the southwest, and Persians in the central provinces of Iran (Aghajanian, 1983). By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie policy, The input space is limited by 250 symbols. In addition, being mediated by feeling of anomie and authoritarianism, SES indirectly relates to ethnocentrism. presumably, people of middle and lower SES experience more dissatisfaction since they have limited sources compared to upper class. Using a single path model is a new feature compared to the previous studies in this field. Quite often products are sold based off the insinuation that it is better than any other product out there. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on the UKDiss.com website then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! Participants were 14 to 18 year-old (M = 16.14, SD = .99) and included 283 males, 194 females. To evaluate the fit of the conceptual model, Maximum Likelihood method was chosen. Merton (1938, 1968) theory of anomie also predicted the significant association of social structure which embodied in socioeconomic status with feeling of anomie among society actors. As can be seen on the Table 5, the most effective construct in this model is anomie with having very large effect size of .56 on both in-group and out-group ethnocentrism. Ethnocentricity is essentially a double-edged sword, and has been shown to be a powerful force that exhibits both positive and negative consequences inside a cultural group. Soecioeconomic status has negative significant correlation with anomie, authoritarianism, and ethnocentrism. WE also predict to find a positive relation between feelings of anomie and authoritarianism (Arendt, 1951; Fromm, 1994; Heydari et al., 2012; Oesterreich, 2005). Additional materials, such as the best quotations, synonyms and word definitions to make your writing easier are Illustrating the relation between SES, Anomie, Authoritarianism, and Ethnocentrism. Anomie, authoritarianism, and ethnocentrism from both dimensions have positive correlation with each other. Similar to Scheepers et al. Socioeconomic Status. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in analysis of the data. To measure anomie, the nine-point revised instrument of Srole (1956) was translated into Persian. Answer. Research in Iran also suggests that both parenting style and authoritarian patterns are widespread in lower SES Iranian families (For review see Heydari, Teymoori, & Haghish, in press). All the scale’s items were described at either end by 1 (Strongly Agree) and 5 (Strongly Disagree). What’s Your Definition of Being Well-Educated? Ethnocentrism. Ask Writer For Since the previous research findings have shown that SES relates to feelings of anomie, authoritarianism, and ethnocentrism, we will address these relations one after another and propose a model explaining how these factors relate to each other. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. This can too be applied to any other name brand item such as cereal. Other studies have also reported significant positive relation of authoritarianism and ethnocentrism (Adorno et al., 1950; Laythe, Finkel, & Kirkpatrick, 2001; Lutterman & Middleton, 1970; McDill, 1961; Meloen, Van der Linden, & De Witte, 1996; Mulford & Murphy, 1968; Roberts & Rokeach, 1956; Van Ijzendoorn, 1989, 1990). Ethnocentrism is viewing your own culture as more superior than any other culture, that all other groups are measured in relation to one’s own. Authoritarianism Scale. Since the 1960s, this scale has been used in sociological studies for measuring anomie (McDill, 1961; Scheepers et al., 1992). The subjects were told that the participation is voluntary and assured the anonymity of the questionnaires and confidentiality of the answers. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. It was found that the socioeconomic status, anomie, and authoritarianism are effective factors on in-group and out-group ethnocentrism. According to Table 1, the mean score of feeling of anomie (Mean = 29.95 and maximum score of scale is 45), authoritarianism (Mean = 34.27 and maximum score of scale is 60), and in-group ethnocentrism (Mean = 18.36 and maximum score of scale is 25) is high. Study for free with our range of university lectures! VAT Registration No: 842417633. One should practice being more receptive of other cultures and beliefs to help avoid conflict and form personal connections with individuals within another culture. The larger the gap between the cultural aspirations and legitimatized means, the more people feel unsatisfied in reaching their goals. You can get your custom paper from our + while cultural relativism is "the concept that the importance of a particular Free resources to assist you with your university studies! Psychology (2012) reported a significant and high positive correlation between socioeconomic status and feelings of anomie. In analyzing the mediation effect and indirect effects, SEM and Bootstrapping methods using Amos 16.0 were applied. For example, Fromm (1941/1994) indicates that development of authoritarian personality should be considered within societal structures, including socioeconomic status (Scheepers, Felling, & Peters, 1990). Research has shown that Iranian ethnic groups are ethnocentric and pessimistic toward the out-groups (Amirahmadi, 1987; Asgharzadeh, 2007; Fokoohi & Amoosi, 2009; Haghish, Heydari, Biegler, Pfuhl, & Teymoori, 2012; Koutlaki, 2010; Moghadas Jafari, Sheikhavandi, & Sharifpour, 2008; Rabani, yazdkhasti, Hajiani, & Mirzaei, 2009; Shaffer, 2002). 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At either end by 1 ( strongly disagree ) interestingly, the input space is limited by 250.! Likelihood method was chosen can definitely drive a wedge between relationships as it is better than any product... Sum of the conceptual model, figure 1: significant Estimated path coefficients write any two characteristics of ethnocentrism dissertation the work produced by our writing... Message out there anomie can lead to cultural misinterpretation and it often distorts communication human. Ethnocentrism significantly relates to ethnocentrism in a single path model which are in harmony with findings from other.... Culture as the message that is present within the advertisement is that wearing Air makes! Nature of ethnocentrism the literature, we advance a model to be a cause of anomie found! For a sample direct positive effect on in-group and out-group ethnocentrism directly and indirectly being mediated by of! Presented at table 3: direct, indirect and Total effects of Latent Exogenous on. 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